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News Analysis:Coup Plots Among African Countries, Causes, and Ways to Mitigate them

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With Surge of military coups in the first quarter of the 21st century Nigerian Tracker’s Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa take a look at military coups in Africa and the causes.

Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa

Early morning on Sunday, December 7, 2025, news broke that a group of soldiers appeared on Benin’s state TV announcing the dissolution of the government in an apparent coup in the West Africa nation.

They announced the overthrow of President Patrice Talon, who has been in power since 2016, as well as all state institutions.

The troops referred to themselves as part of the “Military Committee for Refoundation” (CMR), and said on state television that they had met and decided that “Mr Patrice Talon is removed from office as president of the republic”.

Talon’s whereabouts were unknown.

The French Embassy said on X that “gunfire was reported at Camp Guezo” near the president’s official residence. It urged French citizens to remain indoors for security.

Talon was due to step down next year in April after 10 years in power.

However, the latest report from Cotonou said the National Guard has taken control of the situation and surrounded the television station. According to 24 Hours In Benin, discussions are underway with the mutineers, now holed up inside the station.
“The regular army is regaining control. The city and the country are completely secure,” the report says.

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Nigerian Tracker News gathered that Benin Republic has been having records of coup plots since time immemorial.

The Republic of Benin (formerly known as Dahomey until 1975) has experienced a significant number of coup plots, both successful and attempted, particularly during its turbulent early decades of independence. It holds the notable distinction of having the highest number of successful coups in Africa during the 20th century for a single nation.

The first coup plot in that country occurred when President Hubert Maga (from the north) was overthrown in a bloodless coup led by Colonel Christophe Soglo. This was triggered by political deadlock, economic crisis, and widespread strikes and protests. Soglo cited the “incapacity of the political class” as the reason. This was in October, 1963.

The second coup happened after a brief return to civilian rule, the army, again led by General Christophe Soglo, seized power directly. He dissolved the contentious three-member Presidential Council (a triumvirate of Maga, Sourou-Migan Apithy, and Justin Ahomadégbé) and installed himself as head of state.

History has it that the Republic of Benin experienced a total of six coup plots.

However, since its democratic transition in 1990-1991, Benin has broken this cycle and has not experienced a traditional military coup for over three decades, despite facing modern political challenges, until the recent one that happened earlier December 7, 2025.

A View into Africa’s Record of Coup Plots

Since 1953, Africa has been the continent most affected by coup plots and military interventions. While the frequency and drivers have evolved, the fundamental issue of the military’s role in politics remains unresolved in many nations. The current surge in the Sahel represents a critical new phase, characterized by anti-colonial rhetoric, security-focused justifications, and shifting geopolitical alliances. This pattern suggests that, despite decades of democratic development efforts, the coup d’état remains a persistent feature of the African political landscape.

The continent has experienced significant political instability, with coups being a recurrent phenomenon.

Detailed Report of Coup Plots Among African Countries

While many African nations gained independence around 1960, this report draws its details from 1953, allowing the inclusion of pivotal early events in countries like Egypt and Sudan.

North African Countries

In Egypt, the Zehniyet plot in 1953 was an alleged conspiracy by the Muslim Brotherhood to assassinate President Gamal Abdel Nasser, leading to a massive crackdown. While not a classic military coup plot, it was a major internal power struggle.

In 1958, Sudan First Military Coup was led by General Ibrahim Abboud and some army officers. The coup was a bloodless takeover, beginning a cycle of military rule.

Likewise in Libya in 1969, the “Free Officers” movement, led by Captain Muammar Gaddafi, successfully overthrew King Idris I.

Again in Sudan in 1971, a failed Communist Coup which was brief, marked a bloody takeover by communist officers, but it was reversed by loyalist forces under Gaafar Nimeiry.

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Also, in Egypt around 1981, President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamist officers within the military during a parade, a plot that aimed at regime change.

And in Algeria in 1991-1992, When the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections, the military intervened, canceling the results and precipitating a civil war. This is considered a “coup from above.”

There was also a record of coup plot in Sudan in 2019 in which the military overthrew long-time dictator, Omar al-Bashir, following mass protests, followed by a power-sharing agreement and later another coup in 2021.

West African Countries

The first post-independence coup in Africa, where soldiers assassinated President Sylvanus Olympio, happened in Togo in 1963.

In 1966, the first overthrow of a major Pan-African leader, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, happened while he was abroad.

In Nigeria, two successive coups in 1966 destabilized the nation, leading directly to the Biafran Civil War. Aside those mentioned, the country has had a couple of coup plots also.

Liberia’s 1980 Master Sergeant Samuel Doe’s violent coup marked the end of Americo-Liberian rule and began decades of turmoil.

Similarly in 1987, Burkina Faso Captain Blaise Compaoré seized power in a coup that killed his former comrade, the iconic Thomas Sankara.

In 2012, Mali recorded a coup plot by Captain Amadou Sanogo which created a power vacuum that allowed jihadist groups to seize the northern half of the country.

Furthermore, Guinea, in 2021 exprienced coup plot when special forces commander Colonel Mamady Doumbouya ousted President Alpha Condé.

Burkina Faso in 2022 had two coups (January & September), with Captain Ibrahim Traoré installed while citing failure to contain jihadist violence.

Niger also recorded coup in 2023 when the presidential guard deposed President Mohamed Bazoum, triggering a major regional crisis and the formation of the “Alliance of Sahel States” (AES) with Mali and Burkina Faso.

Central African Countries

Coup plots in these central african countries were reoccurring. The major countries below had these records:

Chad (1975, 1990, 2021): A pattern of violent takeovers: Hissène Habré (1982), Idriss Déby (1990), and the military takeover by Mahamat Déby after his father’s death in 2021 (a “dynastic coup”).

Burundi (1965, 1976, 1987, 1996, 2015): Recurring coups and attempted coups, often along ethnic lines (Hutu-Tutsi), culminating in a contested political coup attempt in 2015 during a presidential term-limit crisis.

East African Countries

Ethiopia had an attempted coup against Emperor Haile Selassie by the imperial
guard in 1960.

Also, Somalia experienced theirs in 1969 with the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke which led to a military takeover by Siad Barre.

In Uganda, the famous Idi Amin coup ousted Milton Obote in 1975.

Again in 1974, the Derg committee in Ethiopia deposed Emperor Haile Selassie, ushering in a communist military junta.

Southern African Countries
Lesotho had several military interventions and coups (1991, 1994, 1998, 2014, 2022) within the constitutional monarchy of the nation.
Madagascar also had a handful of coup plots in 1975 and 2009 ushering in Didier Ratsiraka to power militarily; while in 2009, a popular uprising backed by the military installed Andry Rajoelina, considered a “soft coup.”

In Zimbabwe, the 2017 “military-assisted transition” referred to as a “soft coup”, forced long-time ruler Robert Mugabe to resign.

History shows that Benin holds the continental record for the most successful military takeovers in the post-colonial era between 1963-1972. While Sudan tops the chart for frequency of all kinds of coup activities–succesful or not.

What are the Key Drivers of Coup Plots in Africa?

Speaking with a political scientist, Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere, he highlighted that there are a lot of causes for the emergence of military coup among African countries, which includes poor governance, corruption, weak democratic institutions and lots more.

“Coup causes ranges from bad governance, leadership failure, weak democratic institutions, insecurity, external influence, and among many other factors,” he said.
“Talking about the corruption aspect, it was quite illustrative in the case of the former president of Mali, Ibrahim Keita, when he was accused of electoral fraud and poor governance. The military took over the government,” Mr. Chidiebere added.

He also emphasized on the fact that having democratic institutions that guide the government of our day is never enough, that the pertinent question should be “how strong are the democratic institutions?”
“Mostly in Africa, our democratic institutions are weak, even here in Nigeria. Rule of Law is not adhered to in Nigeria,” he asserted.
The political scientist categorically stated that the independence of each arms of government that should serve as a tool to embolden good governance is not realistic in Nigeria, and by extension, Africa.
“If you observe closely, there’s no active opposition in Nigeria, and so do many countries in Africa,” he stated.

Mr Chidiebere also discussed the importance of economic integration and planning aimed at leveraging the skills within citizens to liberate them from poverty. He said that economic hardship is also part of those factors that contribute or birth coup plot in most African countries.

Asking about ways to put an end to coup plots in Africa, the scientist recommended that governments in various African countries should strengthen democratic institutions.

“The opposition must not be suppressed. There should be room for criticism without crucification.”

He also added that corruption should be dealt with mercilessly without compromise or favour. And also, opportunities should be created for citizens to survive with. Mr. Chidiebere stressed that economic decisions should address the plights of the masses

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Battle Against Corruption Is Like Fighting Colombian Drug Cartels, Says Kano Anti-Corruption Tzar

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The fight against corruption in Nigeria is as dangerous as fighting armed Colombian drug cartels, former Chairman of Kano State Public Complaints and Anti-Corruption Commission (PCACC), Muhyi Magaji Rimin Gado, has said.

The Medellín Cartel led by Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel dominated cocaine trafficking, leading Colombia to vast illicit wealth for the few whose crimes promoted corruption, violence, mass public revenge, and prolonged bloody gunfights with the authorities. The PCACC was established in April 2005 to fight corruption in Kano State.

Mr. Magaji also warned that the increase in violence and banditry in the North is partly linked to the naked abuse and stealing of public funds by corrupt officials whose self-serving policies create a stagnant pool of poverty and human misery from which criminals find many potential recruits.

He said it was when he started investigating corruption petitions, doing his statutory duties, that he discovered the suspect companies were linked to his former Kano State Governor, Abdullahi Ganduje, discovering that a lot of Public-Private Partnership Initiatives were actually linked to the former Governor. He said he also discovered billions of illicit funds relating to the state’s Internally Generated Revenue (IGR), especially concerning fraudulent land rents.

The anti-corruption crusader said his experience while investigating an avalanche of corruption cases in Kano indicated that corrupt politicians are like cancerous ailments that should be removed through a painful but necessary surgical operation before Nigeria can reclaim her pride in the comity of nations.

He said Nigerians should explore democratic opportunities to the brim by casting their votes against a league of corrupt elites that have sold the birthrights of the people.

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He said his decision to investigate the looting of billions of public funds in Kano State under former Governor Abdullahi Ganduje spurred ceaseless threats to his life and that of his family, culminating in his arrest last week Friday by tens of armed security guards who drove him from Kano to Abuja in the night where he was locked up. He said for 17 hours he and his family were subjected to harrowing experiences. He said the armed men bundled him into a vehicle where he was sandwiched between armed policemen who drove in the night from Kano to Abuja in order to gag him. He said if armed bandits had attacked the convoy, there was only a slim chance that any of them would escape.

“The cases I started investigating in Kano involved billions of public funds diverted by public officials. They are desperate to kill in order to sit on stolen funds. They are as dangerous as drug cartels in Colombia. Fighting them is like fighting drug lords.”

He said corruption cannot be fought effectively when law enforcement agents are compromised by the same corrupt politicians who have no respect for accountability.

Rimin Gado said some policemen are currently being used against him by powerful but stupendously corrupt politicians who feed on the misery of the toiling masses. He said he was deeply concerned that the Police initiated criminal investigation into a judicial process, duly initiated under Section 211 of the Nigerian Constitution, and that it is prejudicial for the police to hunt and malign someone who has filed corruption charges on behalf of the State against politicians that consistently ruin the frontiers of democracy and human prosperity.

“I was given fiat by the Attorney General to prosecute allegations of offenses against the laws of Kano State. Why arrest me for doing what I have a legal duty to do? Why not arrest the State if they can?

“The police have no legal or moral reasons to enquire about what is already before the Court of Law, especially a criminal matter which the court had already taken cognizance of,” he said.

He spoke as a Keynote Speaker on the topic Youth as Catalyst of Integrity: Building a Corruption-Free Future for Nigeria, at the Public Presentation of the 19th Edition of the Compendium on 100 Profile Corruption Cases in Nigeria held in Lagos on Tuesday. The event was organised by the Human and Environmental Development Agenda (HEDA Resource Centre) in partnership with local and international groups to mark this year’s International Anti-Corruption Day celebration. The theme of the conference was Uniting with Youth Against Corruption: Shaping Tomorrow’s Integrity.

Rimin Gado said from his experience in Kano, corrupt politicians are as vicious as the world’s most violent drug lords who are prepared to kill and burn the country down rather than face justice or give up their crimes. He said prosperity and development in Nigeria would remain stunted as long as corrupt actors dominate the political economy.

 

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BIKOBA Set for 41st Annual General Meeting in Birnin-Kudu

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Arrangements have been completed for the successful conduct of the 41st Annual General Meeting of Birnin-Kudu Old Boys Association (BIKOBA), the umbrella body of the Old Students of the famous Government Unity College, Birnin-Kudu (formerly Government College, Birnin-Kudu), Jigawa State.

The event, scheduled to take place on Saturday, the 13th of December, 2025, at 9:00 a.m. in the Assembly Hall of the College, will feature a public lecture to be delivered by Alhassan Mohammed, an Assistant Director at the Central Bank of Nigeria.

The lecture, titled “Enhancing Career Development Through Information Technology”, will focus on the importance of acquiring information technology skills, and the appropriate and effective use of its tools for efficient career building in the digital age.

Pharmacist Hashim Ubale Yusuf will chair the occasion, with the Governor of Jigawa State, Malam Umar Namadi, FCA, as Special Guest of Honour, while former Governors of Kano and Jigawa States, Dr. Abdullahi Umar Ganduje (CON) and Alhaji Sule Lamido (CON), will serve as Guests of Honour, respectively.

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Additionally, prominent members of BIKOBA, such as the richest man in Africa and President of Dangote Group of Companies, Alhaji Aliko Dangote, Senator Mustafa Habeeb representing Jigawa Central Senatorial District in the National Assembly, and many distinguished personalities from all walks of life produced by the College, are expected to grace the occasion.

His Highness, the 15th Emir of Kano, Alhaji Aminu Ado Bayero, CFR, JP, who is also an alumnus of the College, will be the Royal Father of the Day, while the Chief Host of the event will be the National President of BIKOBA, Alhaji Ja’afar Usman Muhammad (Turakin Gaya).

In a statement, the National Publicity Secretary of BIKOBA, Mahmud Ibrahim Kwari, said major highlights of the AGM include awards presentation to deserving distinguished personalities, as well as the ratification and approval of an audited account report containing financial transactions of the Association in the outgoing year, by the General Assembly.

Government officials, members of traditional institutions, community leaders, officials of the Parent Teachers Association (PTA), School-Based Management Committee (SBMC), as well as members and friends of the BIKOBA family, are expected to fully attend the historic annual event.

 

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Senate Summons Aviation Minister, Keyamo, Over Hike in Flight Ticket Prices

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By Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa

The Senate on Tuesday summoned the Minister of Aviation and Aerospace Development, Festus Keyamo, along with heads of the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN) and the Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA), over the sudden and steep increase in domestic flight ticket prices.

The minister and heads of the agencies are expected to appear before lawmakers in a closed-door session on a date to be announced.

The resolution followed a motion sponsored by the Chairman of the Senate Committee on Aviation, Buhari Abdulfatai.

While presenting his motion, Mr Abdulfatai lamented that airfares across Nigerian airlines had risen sharply due to the festive season, a development he said would force many Nigerians to forgo travel because of insecurity on the roads.

The senator, who represents Oyo North Senatorial District, said he had previously engaged airline operators on the issue, but the high fares persisted. He therefore urged the Senate to empower its aviation committee to intervene.

One-way airfares on some domestic routes have risen by as much as 150 per cent, with tickets costing at least N300,000. Before the festive period, domestic flight tickets averaged around N120,000, but prices have reportedly surged to as high as N400,000.

Given the worsening insecurity on major highways, many Nigerians prefer to travel by air, but the soaring cost of tickets is a major hindrance.

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Contributing to the debate, Adamu Aliero (APC, Kebbi Central), described the fare hike as unacceptable in a country where the minimum wage is N70,000. He noted that a civil servant would have to save for up to six months to afford a one-way flight.

“The synopsis of the motion was given that the minimum wage for Nigeria is 70,000 Naira. It means a civil servant will have to save five months’ salary or even six months’ salary before they could afford a one-way ticket to Lagos,” he said.

Mr Aliero, a former minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), questioned the rationale behind the sudden increase in air fares and insisted that the Senate must summon all stakeholders to explain the hike.

“Mr President, this is unaffordable, and there has not been a corresponding increase in aviation fares. There has not been a corresponding increase in the airport charges from either FAN, NCAA or Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority. So we need to summon all the stakeholders and question them on why this hike is announced.

“And not only that, Mr. President, we need to halt this increase in order to save Nigerians from exploitation. Mr. President, it is normal for airlines at the end of the year to increase fares, but not as it is announced today. An increase of 10 to 15 per cent is understandable, but not an increase of over 200 per cent. So if we do that, honestly speaking, Mr. President, we are allowing exploitation of Nigerians,” he added.

Peter Nwebonyi (APC, Ebonyi North) also condemned the sharp increase, saying he attempted to book a flight from Abuja to Enugu and was shocked to discover that Air Peace Airline was charging N500,000 and Ibom Air, N460,000.

“Just this morning, I called my personal assistant to get a ticket for me for the 13th of December from Abuja to Enugu, and shockingly, Mr. President, the cost for a one-way ticket from Abuja to Enugu is N500,000 for Air Peace and N460,000 for Ibom Air. Mr. President, this is unheard of. This is over a 400 per cent increment at a go. We never had it this way,” he said.

Adeola Olamilekan (APC, Ogun West) called for a comprehensive engagement with all aviation stakeholders to find a lasting solution to the problem.

In his remarks, the Senate President, Godswill Akpabio, accused airlines of exploiting Nigerians.

“It is very clear that Nigerians are being exploited and people are taking advantage of Nigerians,” he said.

Mr Akpabio subsequently put the motion to a voice vote, and it received overwhelming support.

After taking the vote, the senate president said the planned meeting with the aviation minister and relevant agencies was necessary to address the abysmal fare increase and to prevent disruptions to travel during the Christmas period.

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