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News Analysis:Coup Plots Among African Countries, Causes, and Ways to Mitigate them

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With Surge of military coups in the first quarter of the 21st century Nigerian Tracker’s Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa take a look at military coups in Africa and the causes.

Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa

Early morning on Sunday, December 7, 2025, news broke that a group of soldiers appeared on Benin’s state TV announcing the dissolution of the government in an apparent coup in the West Africa nation.

They announced the overthrow of President Patrice Talon, who has been in power since 2016, as well as all state institutions.

The troops referred to themselves as part of the “Military Committee for Refoundation” (CMR), and said on state television that they had met and decided that “Mr Patrice Talon is removed from office as president of the republic”.

Talon’s whereabouts were unknown.

The French Embassy said on X that “gunfire was reported at Camp Guezo” near the president’s official residence. It urged French citizens to remain indoors for security.

Talon was due to step down next year in April after 10 years in power.

However, the latest report from Cotonou said the National Guard has taken control of the situation and surrounded the television station. According to 24 Hours In Benin, discussions are underway with the mutineers, now holed up inside the station.
“The regular army is regaining control. The city and the country are completely secure,” the report says.

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Nigerian Tracker News gathered that Benin Republic has been having records of coup plots since time immemorial.

The Republic of Benin (formerly known as Dahomey until 1975) has experienced a significant number of coup plots, both successful and attempted, particularly during its turbulent early decades of independence. It holds the notable distinction of having the highest number of successful coups in Africa during the 20th century for a single nation.

The first coup plot in that country occurred when President Hubert Maga (from the north) was overthrown in a bloodless coup led by Colonel Christophe Soglo. This was triggered by political deadlock, economic crisis, and widespread strikes and protests. Soglo cited the “incapacity of the political class” as the reason. This was in October, 1963.

The second coup happened after a brief return to civilian rule, the army, again led by General Christophe Soglo, seized power directly. He dissolved the contentious three-member Presidential Council (a triumvirate of Maga, Sourou-Migan Apithy, and Justin Ahomadégbé) and installed himself as head of state.

History has it that the Republic of Benin experienced a total of six coup plots.

However, since its democratic transition in 1990-1991, Benin has broken this cycle and has not experienced a traditional military coup for over three decades, despite facing modern political challenges, until the recent one that happened earlier December 7, 2025.

A View into Africa’s Record of Coup Plots

Since 1953, Africa has been the continent most affected by coup plots and military interventions. While the frequency and drivers have evolved, the fundamental issue of the military’s role in politics remains unresolved in many nations. The current surge in the Sahel represents a critical new phase, characterized by anti-colonial rhetoric, security-focused justifications, and shifting geopolitical alliances. This pattern suggests that, despite decades of democratic development efforts, the coup d’état remains a persistent feature of the African political landscape.

The continent has experienced significant political instability, with coups being a recurrent phenomenon.

Detailed Report of Coup Plots Among African Countries

While many African nations gained independence around 1960, this report draws its details from 1953, allowing the inclusion of pivotal early events in countries like Egypt and Sudan.

North African Countries

In Egypt, the Zehniyet plot in 1953 was an alleged conspiracy by the Muslim Brotherhood to assassinate President Gamal Abdel Nasser, leading to a massive crackdown. While not a classic military coup plot, it was a major internal power struggle.

In 1958, Sudan First Military Coup was led by General Ibrahim Abboud and some army officers. The coup was a bloodless takeover, beginning a cycle of military rule.

Likewise in Libya in 1969, the “Free Officers” movement, led by Captain Muammar Gaddafi, successfully overthrew King Idris I.

Again in Sudan in 1971, a failed Communist Coup which was brief, marked a bloody takeover by communist officers, but it was reversed by loyalist forces under Gaafar Nimeiry.

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Also, in Egypt around 1981, President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamist officers within the military during a parade, a plot that aimed at regime change.

And in Algeria in 1991-1992, When the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections, the military intervened, canceling the results and precipitating a civil war. This is considered a “coup from above.”

There was also a record of coup plot in Sudan in 2019 in which the military overthrew long-time dictator, Omar al-Bashir, following mass protests, followed by a power-sharing agreement and later another coup in 2021.

West African Countries

The first post-independence coup in Africa, where soldiers assassinated President Sylvanus Olympio, happened in Togo in 1963.

In 1966, the first overthrow of a major Pan-African leader, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, happened while he was abroad.

In Nigeria, two successive coups in 1966 destabilized the nation, leading directly to the Biafran Civil War. Aside those mentioned, the country has had a couple of coup plots also.

Liberia’s 1980 Master Sergeant Samuel Doe’s violent coup marked the end of Americo-Liberian rule and began decades of turmoil.

Similarly in 1987, Burkina Faso Captain Blaise Compaoré seized power in a coup that killed his former comrade, the iconic Thomas Sankara.

In 2012, Mali recorded a coup plot by Captain Amadou Sanogo which created a power vacuum that allowed jihadist groups to seize the northern half of the country.

Furthermore, Guinea, in 2021 exprienced coup plot when special forces commander Colonel Mamady Doumbouya ousted President Alpha Condé.

Burkina Faso in 2022 had two coups (January & September), with Captain Ibrahim Traoré installed while citing failure to contain jihadist violence.

Niger also recorded coup in 2023 when the presidential guard deposed President Mohamed Bazoum, triggering a major regional crisis and the formation of the “Alliance of Sahel States” (AES) with Mali and Burkina Faso.

Central African Countries

Coup plots in these central african countries were reoccurring. The major countries below had these records:

Chad (1975, 1990, 2021): A pattern of violent takeovers: Hissène Habré (1982), Idriss Déby (1990), and the military takeover by Mahamat Déby after his father’s death in 2021 (a “dynastic coup”).

Burundi (1965, 1976, 1987, 1996, 2015): Recurring coups and attempted coups, often along ethnic lines (Hutu-Tutsi), culminating in a contested political coup attempt in 2015 during a presidential term-limit crisis.

East African Countries

Ethiopia had an attempted coup against Emperor Haile Selassie by the imperial
guard in 1960.

Also, Somalia experienced theirs in 1969 with the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke which led to a military takeover by Siad Barre.

In Uganda, the famous Idi Amin coup ousted Milton Obote in 1975.

Again in 1974, the Derg committee in Ethiopia deposed Emperor Haile Selassie, ushering in a communist military junta.

Southern African Countries
Lesotho had several military interventions and coups (1991, 1994, 1998, 2014, 2022) within the constitutional monarchy of the nation.
Madagascar also had a handful of coup plots in 1975 and 2009 ushering in Didier Ratsiraka to power militarily; while in 2009, a popular uprising backed by the military installed Andry Rajoelina, considered a “soft coup.”

In Zimbabwe, the 2017 “military-assisted transition” referred to as a “soft coup”, forced long-time ruler Robert Mugabe to resign.

History shows that Benin holds the continental record for the most successful military takeovers in the post-colonial era between 1963-1972. While Sudan tops the chart for frequency of all kinds of coup activities–succesful or not.

What are the Key Drivers of Coup Plots in Africa?

Speaking with a political scientist, Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere, he highlighted that there are a lot of causes for the emergence of military coup among African countries, which includes poor governance, corruption, weak democratic institutions and lots more.

“Coup causes ranges from bad governance, leadership failure, weak democratic institutions, insecurity, external influence, and among many other factors,” he said.
“Talking about the corruption aspect, it was quite illustrative in the case of the former president of Mali, Ibrahim Keita, when he was accused of electoral fraud and poor governance. The military took over the government,” Mr. Chidiebere added.

He also emphasized on the fact that having democratic institutions that guide the government of our day is never enough, that the pertinent question should be “how strong are the democratic institutions?”
“Mostly in Africa, our democratic institutions are weak, even here in Nigeria. Rule of Law is not adhered to in Nigeria,” he asserted.
The political scientist categorically stated that the independence of each arms of government that should serve as a tool to embolden good governance is not realistic in Nigeria, and by extension, Africa.
“If you observe closely, there’s no active opposition in Nigeria, and so do many countries in Africa,” he stated.

Mr Chidiebere also discussed the importance of economic integration and planning aimed at leveraging the skills within citizens to liberate them from poverty. He said that economic hardship is also part of those factors that contribute or birth coup plot in most African countries.

Asking about ways to put an end to coup plots in Africa, the scientist recommended that governments in various African countries should strengthen democratic institutions.

“The opposition must not be suppressed. There should be room for criticism without crucification.”

He also added that corruption should be dealt with mercilessly without compromise or favour. And also, opportunities should be created for citizens to survive with. Mr. Chidiebere stressed that economic decisions should address the plights of the masses

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SEMA Assesses Sites of Building Collapses, Condoles Families of Nine Victims

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The Executive Secretary of the Kano State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA), Alhaji Isyaku Abdullahi Kubarachi, accompanied by directors of the Agency, has visited the scenes of recent building collapses within Kano metropolis and condoled with families who lost loved ones in the incidents.

During the visit, the SEMA team inspected the site of the collapsed Khadija Bala Memorisation School, located at No. 1030, Police Station Road, Fagge Local Government Area, where one female student lost her life while eight others were rescued following the collapse of the Islamic school.

The team also visited Dukawa, Gobirawa area of Dala Local Government Area, where the residence of Malam Mutari Abdulhamidu collapsed, resulting in the death of his four children.

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Similarly, at Gaida, four people reportedly lost their lives following the collapse of a residential building.

The Executive Secretary, alongside a representative of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), expressed deep sympathy and condolences to the bereaved families, praying for the repose of the souls of those who lost their lives and wishing the survivors a speedy recovery.

Alhaji Isyaku Abdullahi Kubarachi urged members of the public to strictly adhere to approved building regulations and safety standards, particularly during periods of heavy rainfall, when building structures may become more vulnerable to collapse.

In a statement, SEMA spokesperson Jamil Sagir Danbala said the Executive Secretary further called on property owners, developers and residents to avoid compromising building standards and to promptly report any signs of structural weakness to the relevant authorities.

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UNICEF Hands Over Renovated Diso Ward Primary Healthcare Centre to Kano State

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The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) has handed over the newly renovated and upgraded Diso Ward Primary Healthcare Centre (PHC) to the Kano State Government as part of efforts to strengthen primary healthcare delivery and improve access to essential health services at the grassroots.

The upgraded facility was formally handed over to the Kano State Primary Healthcare Management Agency (KSPHCMA) during a ceremony attended by health officials, community representatives and other stakeholders.

Speaking at the handover ceremony, UNICEF representative Shafiqurrahman said the organisation remained committed to supporting Kano State in ensuring that primary healthcare facilities were not only upgraded but also capable of providing sustainable and quality services to the communities they serve.

Shafiqurrahman said UNICEF was working closely with relevant stakeholders to ensure effective service delivery at the facilities it supports.

“We are here closely to ensure service delivery,” he said.

According to him, UNICEF, in collaboration with the Global Fund, is currently working with five health facilities, with the Diso Ward PHC becoming the first of the facilities under the programme to be formally handed over to the state government.

He explained that the intervention went beyond the renovation of the existing structure, noting that the facility had also benefited from the installation of a solarisation system to help provide a more reliable source of electricity for healthcare operations.

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The UNICEF representative said the upgrade of the facility included the establishment of a new ward, labour room and pharmacy, as well as facilities designed to improve access for physically challenged persons.

He stressed that UNICEF placed strong emphasis on primary healthcare because PHCs are the closest healthcare facilities to most communities and often serve as the first point of contact between citizens and the health system.

“We put great emphasis on PHC because it is close to the people,” he said.

Shafiqurrahman, however, cautioned that renovating and equipping a healthcare facility was only one part of the process, stressing that maintaining the facility and ensuring continuous service delivery were equally important.

“Building is one thing and services is another thing. It is a continuous service for the people,” he said.

He called for a strong commitment to the sustainability of the facility, including regular supervision, proper maintenance and effective management of the equipment and infrastructure provided.

According to him, the objective of the intervention was to ensure that the people of Diso and surrounding communities continued to benefit from the facility for a long time.

“We want sustainability and longer services, including supervision and maintenance,” he added.

Receiving the upgraded facility on behalf of the Kano State Primary Healthcare Management Agency, the agency’s Director of Administration, Adamu Pate Jigaware, commended UNICEF for its support and intervention in strengthening healthcare delivery in the state.

Jigaware, who represented the Director of the Kano State Primary Healthcare Management Agency, expressed appreciation to UNICEF and other partners involved in the project, saying the intervention would contribute to improving healthcare services for residents of the area.

He also commended the contractor who executed the renovation and upgrade works, particularly for working in collaboration with the World Development Committee during the implementation of the project.

He said the involvement of relevant community structures was important in ensuring ownership of the facility and supporting its sustainability.

The handover marks another step in efforts by development partners and the Kano State Government to strengthen primary healthcare infrastructure and improve access to essential health services at the community level.

 

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Nigerian Army’s 1 Div commences Inter-Brigade Combat Competition in Kano

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The Nigerian Army has commenced the 2026 1 Division Inter-Brigade Combat Proficiency Competition in Kano to assess and enhance the operational readiness, physical fitness and combat capabilities of its officers.

Declaring the competition open, the General Officer Commanding (GOC), 1 Division Nigerian Army, Maj.-Gen. Abubakar Mohammed-Wase, said the annual exercise was designed to sharpen troops’ skills and improve their capacity to respond to emerging security challenges.

Represented by Chief of Staff, 1 Division, Brig.-Gen. Timothy Opurum, said the competition was in line with the Chief of Army Staff’s Command Philosophy of transforming the Nigerian Army into a more professional, adaptable, combat-ready and resilient force capable of discharging its constitutional responsibilities within a joint and multi-agency environment.

The GOC added that the exercise would provide an opportunity for officers from participating formations to demonstrate their proficiency in physical fitness, leadership, tactical competence, mental alertness and ability to operate effectively under pressure.

According to him, the competition involves three formations under the division, including 1 Division Garrison, 3 Brigade and 31 Artillery Brigade, competing in four events.

The events are weapon handling and combat shooting, map reading, endurance run and obstacle crossing, as well as combat swimming.

“The competition is aimed at improving leadership skills, organisational ability and initiative, while promoting esprit de corps among troops in preparation for enhanced performance in battle,” he said.

The GOC noted that the nation’s current security environment required commanders who were not only professionally competent but also physically and mentally prepared to confront complex operational challenges.

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He described the competition as a vital platform for improving the resilience and combat proficiency required by officers in carrying out their constitutional responsibilities.

Mohammed -Wase urged participating formations to uphold the values of loyalty, discipline and integrity, adding that the objective of the exercise was beyond winning but to improve individual and collective operational capabilities.

“To the participating officers, I encourage you to see this competition as an opportunity to test yourselves, learn from one another and identify areas requiring further improvement,” he said.

He commended troops operating in various theatres for their efforts in ensuring peace and stability in the country, attributing improvements in operational capacity to effective leadership, sound planning and logistics support.

The GOC also appreciated the Chief of Army Staff, Lt.-Gen. Waidi Shaibu, for providing resources and support for the competition, as well as the Commander, 3 Brigade, for providing facilities and logistics assistance.

He urged umpires and officials to ensure fairness, impartiality and professionalism throughout the competition.

Earlier, Commander, 3 Brigade, Nigerian Army, Brig.-Gen. Saka Jimoh, said the competition was designed to test the competence, confidence and ability of officers to perform effectively under challenging operational conditions.

According to him, the exercise would also strengthen leadership, teamwork, discipline and professionalism among participating personnel.

“The Inter-Brigade Combat Proficiency Competition is a significant professional activity designed to assess, strengthen and sustain the physical fitness, mental alertness, combat skills and operational effectiveness of participating officers.

“It provides an opportunity for officers to demonstrate their competence, confidence and ability to perform optimally under demanding and challenging conditions,” he said.

He said the activities were carefully selected to test individual competence and the ability of officers to operate effectively under pressure.

Jimoh appreciated the GOC for providing strategic guidance and support towards the successful hosting of the event.

He said the support demonstrated the commitment of the command to sustaining professional competence and operational readiness across the division.

“I sincerely appreciate the resources and other necessary support made available for this event. This gesture has significantly enhanced the Brigade’s ability to organise and host the competition,” he said.

He expressed optimism that the exercise would further enhance collective combat proficiency, teamwork and operational effectiveness among officers of the division.

3 Brigade, Nigerian Army, won the Stripping and Assembling Competition, while 31 Artillery Brigade, Minna, Nigerian Army, emerged second and 1 Division Garrison, Kaduna, came third.

The competition involving officers from the rank of 2nd Lieutenant to Major, will end in Aug. 20.

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