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News Analysis:Coup Plots Among African Countries, Causes, and Ways to Mitigate them

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With Surge of military coups in the first quarter of the 21st century Nigerian Tracker’s Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa take a look at military coups in Africa and the causes.

Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa

Early morning on Sunday, December 7, 2025, news broke that a group of soldiers appeared on Benin’s state TV announcing the dissolution of the government in an apparent coup in the West Africa nation.

They announced the overthrow of President Patrice Talon, who has been in power since 2016, as well as all state institutions.

The troops referred to themselves as part of the “Military Committee for Refoundation” (CMR), and said on state television that they had met and decided that “Mr Patrice Talon is removed from office as president of the republic”.

Talon’s whereabouts were unknown.

The French Embassy said on X that “gunfire was reported at Camp Guezo” near the president’s official residence. It urged French citizens to remain indoors for security.

Talon was due to step down next year in April after 10 years in power.

However, the latest report from Cotonou said the National Guard has taken control of the situation and surrounded the television station. According to 24 Hours In Benin, discussions are underway with the mutineers, now holed up inside the station.
“The regular army is regaining control. The city and the country are completely secure,” the report says.

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Nigerian Tracker News gathered that Benin Republic has been having records of coup plots since time immemorial.

The Republic of Benin (formerly known as Dahomey until 1975) has experienced a significant number of coup plots, both successful and attempted, particularly during its turbulent early decades of independence. It holds the notable distinction of having the highest number of successful coups in Africa during the 20th century for a single nation.

The first coup plot in that country occurred when President Hubert Maga (from the north) was overthrown in a bloodless coup led by Colonel Christophe Soglo. This was triggered by political deadlock, economic crisis, and widespread strikes and protests. Soglo cited the “incapacity of the political class” as the reason. This was in October, 1963.

The second coup happened after a brief return to civilian rule, the army, again led by General Christophe Soglo, seized power directly. He dissolved the contentious three-member Presidential Council (a triumvirate of Maga, Sourou-Migan Apithy, and Justin Ahomadégbé) and installed himself as head of state.

History has it that the Republic of Benin experienced a total of six coup plots.

However, since its democratic transition in 1990-1991, Benin has broken this cycle and has not experienced a traditional military coup for over three decades, despite facing modern political challenges, until the recent one that happened earlier December 7, 2025.

A View into Africa’s Record of Coup Plots

Since 1953, Africa has been the continent most affected by coup plots and military interventions. While the frequency and drivers have evolved, the fundamental issue of the military’s role in politics remains unresolved in many nations. The current surge in the Sahel represents a critical new phase, characterized by anti-colonial rhetoric, security-focused justifications, and shifting geopolitical alliances. This pattern suggests that, despite decades of democratic development efforts, the coup d’état remains a persistent feature of the African political landscape.

The continent has experienced significant political instability, with coups being a recurrent phenomenon.

Detailed Report of Coup Plots Among African Countries

While many African nations gained independence around 1960, this report draws its details from 1953, allowing the inclusion of pivotal early events in countries like Egypt and Sudan.

North African Countries

In Egypt, the Zehniyet plot in 1953 was an alleged conspiracy by the Muslim Brotherhood to assassinate President Gamal Abdel Nasser, leading to a massive crackdown. While not a classic military coup plot, it was a major internal power struggle.

In 1958, Sudan First Military Coup was led by General Ibrahim Abboud and some army officers. The coup was a bloodless takeover, beginning a cycle of military rule.

Likewise in Libya in 1969, the “Free Officers” movement, led by Captain Muammar Gaddafi, successfully overthrew King Idris I.

Again in Sudan in 1971, a failed Communist Coup which was brief, marked a bloody takeover by communist officers, but it was reversed by loyalist forces under Gaafar Nimeiry.

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Also, in Egypt around 1981, President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamist officers within the military during a parade, a plot that aimed at regime change.

And in Algeria in 1991-1992, When the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections, the military intervened, canceling the results and precipitating a civil war. This is considered a “coup from above.”

There was also a record of coup plot in Sudan in 2019 in which the military overthrew long-time dictator, Omar al-Bashir, following mass protests, followed by a power-sharing agreement and later another coup in 2021.

West African Countries

The first post-independence coup in Africa, where soldiers assassinated President Sylvanus Olympio, happened in Togo in 1963.

In 1966, the first overthrow of a major Pan-African leader, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, happened while he was abroad.

In Nigeria, two successive coups in 1966 destabilized the nation, leading directly to the Biafran Civil War. Aside those mentioned, the country has had a couple of coup plots also.

Liberia’s 1980 Master Sergeant Samuel Doe’s violent coup marked the end of Americo-Liberian rule and began decades of turmoil.

Similarly in 1987, Burkina Faso Captain Blaise Compaoré seized power in a coup that killed his former comrade, the iconic Thomas Sankara.

In 2012, Mali recorded a coup plot by Captain Amadou Sanogo which created a power vacuum that allowed jihadist groups to seize the northern half of the country.

Furthermore, Guinea, in 2021 exprienced coup plot when special forces commander Colonel Mamady Doumbouya ousted President Alpha Condé.

Burkina Faso in 2022 had two coups (January & September), with Captain Ibrahim Traoré installed while citing failure to contain jihadist violence.

Niger also recorded coup in 2023 when the presidential guard deposed President Mohamed Bazoum, triggering a major regional crisis and the formation of the “Alliance of Sahel States” (AES) with Mali and Burkina Faso.

Central African Countries

Coup plots in these central african countries were reoccurring. The major countries below had these records:

Chad (1975, 1990, 2021): A pattern of violent takeovers: Hissène Habré (1982), Idriss Déby (1990), and the military takeover by Mahamat Déby after his father’s death in 2021 (a “dynastic coup”).

Burundi (1965, 1976, 1987, 1996, 2015): Recurring coups and attempted coups, often along ethnic lines (Hutu-Tutsi), culminating in a contested political coup attempt in 2015 during a presidential term-limit crisis.

East African Countries

Ethiopia had an attempted coup against Emperor Haile Selassie by the imperial
guard in 1960.

Also, Somalia experienced theirs in 1969 with the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke which led to a military takeover by Siad Barre.

In Uganda, the famous Idi Amin coup ousted Milton Obote in 1975.

Again in 1974, the Derg committee in Ethiopia deposed Emperor Haile Selassie, ushering in a communist military junta.

Southern African Countries
Lesotho had several military interventions and coups (1991, 1994, 1998, 2014, 2022) within the constitutional monarchy of the nation.
Madagascar also had a handful of coup plots in 1975 and 2009 ushering in Didier Ratsiraka to power militarily; while in 2009, a popular uprising backed by the military installed Andry Rajoelina, considered a “soft coup.”

In Zimbabwe, the 2017 “military-assisted transition” referred to as a “soft coup”, forced long-time ruler Robert Mugabe to resign.

History shows that Benin holds the continental record for the most successful military takeovers in the post-colonial era between 1963-1972. While Sudan tops the chart for frequency of all kinds of coup activities–succesful or not.

What are the Key Drivers of Coup Plots in Africa?

Speaking with a political scientist, Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere, he highlighted that there are a lot of causes for the emergence of military coup among African countries, which includes poor governance, corruption, weak democratic institutions and lots more.

“Coup causes ranges from bad governance, leadership failure, weak democratic institutions, insecurity, external influence, and among many other factors,” he said.
“Talking about the corruption aspect, it was quite illustrative in the case of the former president of Mali, Ibrahim Keita, when he was accused of electoral fraud and poor governance. The military took over the government,” Mr. Chidiebere added.

He also emphasized on the fact that having democratic institutions that guide the government of our day is never enough, that the pertinent question should be “how strong are the democratic institutions?”
“Mostly in Africa, our democratic institutions are weak, even here in Nigeria. Rule of Law is not adhered to in Nigeria,” he asserted.
The political scientist categorically stated that the independence of each arms of government that should serve as a tool to embolden good governance is not realistic in Nigeria, and by extension, Africa.
“If you observe closely, there’s no active opposition in Nigeria, and so do many countries in Africa,” he stated.

Mr Chidiebere also discussed the importance of economic integration and planning aimed at leveraging the skills within citizens to liberate them from poverty. He said that economic hardship is also part of those factors that contribute or birth coup plot in most African countries.

Asking about ways to put an end to coup plots in Africa, the scientist recommended that governments in various African countries should strengthen democratic institutions.

“The opposition must not be suppressed. There should be room for criticism without crucification.”

He also added that corruption should be dealt with mercilessly without compromise or favour. And also, opportunities should be created for citizens to survive with. Mr. Chidiebere stressed that economic decisions should address the plights of the masses

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Hike in Fuel Prices Looms as Trump Announces Ceasefire With Iran

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By Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa

U.S. President Donald Trump said on Wednesday here that “the ceasefire with Iran ‘is over,’ and he does not want to deal with Iran anymore.”

Speaking to journalists alongside “NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte, Trump said he no longer wants to engage with Iranian officials.” “For me, I think it is over. I don’t want to deal with them anymore .They are sick people, they are led by sick people, they are vicious, violent people,” he noted.

“If they had nuclear weapons, they would use them. As far as I am concerned, it (the ceasefire) is over,” said Trump.

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Trump expressed skepticism regarding future negotiations, saying “he would consult his negotiators but characterised dealing with Iranian officials as a ‘waste of time,’ accusing them of dishonesty.” Trump further said “Iranian representatives agree privately to terms regarding nuclear weapons but publicly deny those agreements after the meetings conclude.” “We make a deal. Everyone’s agreed: no nuclear weapon,” Trump said. “We make a deal, they go outside and talk to the press. They say we never even talked about it.” He concluded that “while negotiations could technically continue, he considers the current process to be at an end.”

In “a new round of escalation of tensions beginning Tuesday, the United States has launched strikes against 80 Iranian targets, and in response, Iran’s Islamic Revolution Guard Corps attacked 85 U.S. military sites in Bahrain and Kuwait.”

And to this development, the world, once again, is about to witness another round of hike in price of crude oil.

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EFCC Arraigns ex-Port Harcourt Refinery Ltd MD over Alleged Money Laundering

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By Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa

The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) on Wednesday arraigned a former Managing Director of the Port Harcourt Refining Company Ltd (PHRC), Ahmed Dikko, over alleged money laundering.

Mr Dikko, who was arraigned before Justice Inyang Ekwo of the Federal High Court, Abuja Division, on a 12-count charge, pleaded not guilty.

Recall that the EFCC, in the charge marked: FHC/ABJ/CR/360/2026, named Mr Dikko and Masterpiece Projects & Investment Ltd as first and second defendants.

In the charge dated and filed on June 22 by the commission’s counsel, Ekele Iheanacho, SAN, the anti-graft agency accused Mr Dikko of using N218 million to buy property in Abuja.

When the case was called, Mr Iheanacho informed the court that the matter was scheduled for the defendants to take their plea and that they were ready to proceed.

Ikechukwu Ajunwa, SAN, did not oppose the application but urged the court to enter a not guilty plea for the second defendant (the company).

In view of the not guilty plea, the prosecution applied for a trial date.

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Mr Ajunwa did not oppose the application but informed the court that a bail application had been filed on behalf of Mr Dikko.

He said a copy of the bail application had also been served on the EFCC.

Mr Iheanacho acknowledged receiving the process and told the court that a counter affidavit had equally been filed in opposition to the bail request.

Moving the motion, MrAjunwa said it was dated and filed on July 3 in line with Sections 34(4) and 36 of the 1999 Constitution and Sections 158 and 156 of Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA), 2015.

According to him, the application is seeking for a leave for the defendant to be granted bail.

“The grounds for the application are there my lord,” he said.

The lawyer, who said Mr Dikko would not jump bail or interfere with the trial, said the 1st defendant had been reporting to the EFCC’s office as part of administrative bail terms.

Responding, Mr Iheanacho said the commission, on July 7, filed a counter affidavit opposing Mr Dikko’s request.

“We rely on all the paragraphs in our counter affidavit in urging the court to deny bail to the defendant. We also filed a written submission and adopted same in urging the honourable court to reject the bail application,” he said.

In his ruling, Justice Ekwo held that the court had the discretionary power to either grant or not to grant a bail.

He said since bail is a constitutional rights of the defendant, substantial evidence must be placed before the court why the defendant ought to be denied the request.

The judge consequently admitted Mr Dikko to a N150 million bail with one surety in the like sum who must possess a landed property within the jurisdiction of the court.

He ordered that the surety must be a responsible citizen and must submit the documents of the landed property which should be verified by the court registrar.

Justice Ekwo, who ordered Mr Dikko to submit his passport with the court, directed that the defendant must not travel without the permission of court.

The judge subsequently adjourned the matter until Oct. 12, October13 and 14 for commencement of trial.

The EFCC said the offence is contrary to Sections 2 (1) (a), 19(1)(d) of the Money Laundering (Prevention and Prohibition) Act, 2022 and punishable under Section 19 (2) (b) of the same Act.

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Kano Pilgrims Board to Announce 2027 Hajj Deposit Soon as It Reviews Successful 2026 Exercise

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The Kano State Pilgrims Welfare Board says it will soon announce the official deposit amount for the 2027 Hajj, assuring intending pilgrims that preparations for next year’s pilgrimage are already underway despite the absence of an official fare announcement.

The Director General of the Kano State Pilgrims Welfare Board, Alhaji Abubakar Ibrahim Matawalle, disclosed this during a press briefing at the Board’s headquarters in Kano while presenting the major achievements recorded during the 2026 Hajj operations.

Matawalle explained that although some states have already announced their Hajj fares and deposits for 2027, Kano State would not be in a hurry to make such an announcement until the necessary consultations and planning were completed. According to him, the Board is working diligently to ensure that intending pilgrims receive accurate information at the appropriate time.

The Director General described the 2026 Hajj exercise as one of the most successful in the history of the Board, attributing the achievement to careful planning, effective coordination and the commitment of all stakeholders involved in the pilgrimage operations.

He expressed gratitude to Almighty Allah for the successful completion of the pilgrimage and commended Governor Abba Kabir Yusuf for his unwavering support, guidance and commitment to the welfare of Kano State pilgrims. Matawalle also acknowledged the contributions of the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NAHCON), Saudi authorities, airlines and other partners for ensuring a smooth operation.

Highlighting the Board’s achievements, Matawalle said every intending pilgrim from Kano State received official uniforms and hand luggage to promote uniformity, convenience and easy identification throughout the pilgrimage.

He further revealed that the Board renovated the mosque at the Hajj Terminal of Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport to provide a more conducive environment for worshippers and pilgrims. According to him, chairs and electric fans were also donated to improve the comfort of pilgrims awaiting their departure flights.

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Matawalle stated that each of the 3,611 Kano State pilgrims received financial support of 200 Saudi Riyals upon arrival in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to assist with their immediate expenses.

The Director General added that the Hajj demonstration field and toilet facilities at the Hajj camp were renovated to improve the quality of pre-departure orientation programmes, while the Board also donated four Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) units to the Nigerian Immigration Service at the Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport Command to facilitate efficient immigration services during the Hajj operations.

According to Matawalle, the Board, with support from ASIA Group of Companies, distributed free detergent and toothpaste to all Kano pilgrims as part of efforts to improve their welfare throughout the pilgrimage.

He also disclosed that shuttle buses were provided to transport pilgrims between their accommodation and the Holy Mosque (Al-Haram) in Makkah for the five daily prayers, significantly improving their comfort and ease of movement.

Matawalle said the Board successfully airlifted all 3,611 registered pilgrims to Saudi Arabia and safely returned every one of them to Nigeria, achieving what he described as a 100 percent completion rate without leaving any Kano pilgrim stranded in the Kingdom.

He noted that close collaboration with NAHCON, airlines, Saudi authorities and service providers ensured the smooth execution of all stages of the Hajj exercise, while continuous medical services were provided in collaboration with relevant health authorities to address pilgrims’ healthcare needs.

The Director General explained that intensified enlightenment and orientation programmes before departure resulted in better compliance with Hajj regulations and exemplary conduct by Kano pilgrims throughout the pilgrimage.

Matawalle further disclosed that proper identification and documentation of pilgrims significantly reduced cases of missing pilgrims during movements between the holy sites despite operational challenges experienced at some Saudi airports.

He revealed that the Board successfully recovered about 30 pieces of luggage left behind in various pilgrims’ accommodations, in addition to more than 100 pieces of abandoned main and hand luggage at Saudi airports.

According to Matawalle, an international cargo operator was engaged to transport all recovered luggage back to Kano, where they would be distributed to their rightful owners.

He said the Board’s performance during the 2026 Hajj has once again strengthened Kano State’s reputation as one of Nigeria’s leading pilgrims’ welfare agencies, noting that the achievements were made possible through teamwork, transparency, dedication and the unwavering support of the Kano State Government and other stakeholders.

Matawalle expressed appreciation to all Kano pilgrims for their discipline, patience and cooperation throughout the exercise, saying their conduct reflected the values and dignity of the state and contributed significantly to the overall success of the pilgrimage.

The Director General assured residents that the Board would continue improving its services by applying lessons learned from the 2026 Hajj exercise in preparations for future pilgrimages. He reiterated that the official deposit for the 2027 Hajj would be announced soon after the necessary arrangements are concluded.

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