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News Analysis:Coup Plots Among African Countries, Causes, and Ways to Mitigate them

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With Surge of military coups in the first quarter of the 21st century Nigerian Tracker’s Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa take a look at military coups in Africa and the causes.

Yusuf Danjuma Yunusa

Early morning on Sunday, December 7, 2025, news broke that a group of soldiers appeared on Benin’s state TV announcing the dissolution of the government in an apparent coup in the West Africa nation.

They announced the overthrow of President Patrice Talon, who has been in power since 2016, as well as all state institutions.

The troops referred to themselves as part of the “Military Committee for Refoundation” (CMR), and said on state television that they had met and decided that “Mr Patrice Talon is removed from office as president of the republic”.

Talon’s whereabouts were unknown.

The French Embassy said on X that “gunfire was reported at Camp Guezo” near the president’s official residence. It urged French citizens to remain indoors for security.

Talon was due to step down next year in April after 10 years in power.

However, the latest report from Cotonou said the National Guard has taken control of the situation and surrounded the television station. According to 24 Hours In Benin, discussions are underway with the mutineers, now holed up inside the station.
“The regular army is regaining control. The city and the country are completely secure,” the report says.

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere

Nigerian Tracker News gathered that Benin Republic has been having records of coup plots since time immemorial.

The Republic of Benin (formerly known as Dahomey until 1975) has experienced a significant number of coup plots, both successful and attempted, particularly during its turbulent early decades of independence. It holds the notable distinction of having the highest number of successful coups in Africa during the 20th century for a single nation.

The first coup plot in that country occurred when President Hubert Maga (from the north) was overthrown in a bloodless coup led by Colonel Christophe Soglo. This was triggered by political deadlock, economic crisis, and widespread strikes and protests. Soglo cited the “incapacity of the political class” as the reason. This was in October, 1963.

The second coup happened after a brief return to civilian rule, the army, again led by General Christophe Soglo, seized power directly. He dissolved the contentious three-member Presidential Council (a triumvirate of Maga, Sourou-Migan Apithy, and Justin Ahomadégbé) and installed himself as head of state.

History has it that the Republic of Benin experienced a total of six coup plots.

However, since its democratic transition in 1990-1991, Benin has broken this cycle and has not experienced a traditional military coup for over three decades, despite facing modern political challenges, until the recent one that happened earlier December 7, 2025.

A View into Africa’s Record of Coup Plots

Since 1953, Africa has been the continent most affected by coup plots and military interventions. While the frequency and drivers have evolved, the fundamental issue of the military’s role in politics remains unresolved in many nations. The current surge in the Sahel represents a critical new phase, characterized by anti-colonial rhetoric, security-focused justifications, and shifting geopolitical alliances. This pattern suggests that, despite decades of democratic development efforts, the coup d’état remains a persistent feature of the African political landscape.

The continent has experienced significant political instability, with coups being a recurrent phenomenon.

Detailed Report of Coup Plots Among African Countries

While many African nations gained independence around 1960, this report draws its details from 1953, allowing the inclusion of pivotal early events in countries like Egypt and Sudan.

North African Countries

In Egypt, the Zehniyet plot in 1953 was an alleged conspiracy by the Muslim Brotherhood to assassinate President Gamal Abdel Nasser, leading to a massive crackdown. While not a classic military coup plot, it was a major internal power struggle.

In 1958, Sudan First Military Coup was led by General Ibrahim Abboud and some army officers. The coup was a bloodless takeover, beginning a cycle of military rule.

Likewise in Libya in 1969, the “Free Officers” movement, led by Captain Muammar Gaddafi, successfully overthrew King Idris I.

Again in Sudan in 1971, a failed Communist Coup which was brief, marked a bloody takeover by communist officers, but it was reversed by loyalist forces under Gaafar Nimeiry.

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Also, in Egypt around 1981, President Anwar Sadat was assassinated by Islamist officers within the military during a parade, a plot that aimed at regime change.

And in Algeria in 1991-1992, When the Islamist Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections, the military intervened, canceling the results and precipitating a civil war. This is considered a “coup from above.”

There was also a record of coup plot in Sudan in 2019 in which the military overthrew long-time dictator, Omar al-Bashir, following mass protests, followed by a power-sharing agreement and later another coup in 2021.

West African Countries

The first post-independence coup in Africa, where soldiers assassinated President Sylvanus Olympio, happened in Togo in 1963.

In 1966, the first overthrow of a major Pan-African leader, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, happened while he was abroad.

In Nigeria, two successive coups in 1966 destabilized the nation, leading directly to the Biafran Civil War. Aside those mentioned, the country has had a couple of coup plots also.

Liberia’s 1980 Master Sergeant Samuel Doe’s violent coup marked the end of Americo-Liberian rule and began decades of turmoil.

Similarly in 1987, Burkina Faso Captain Blaise Compaoré seized power in a coup that killed his former comrade, the iconic Thomas Sankara.

In 2012, Mali recorded a coup plot by Captain Amadou Sanogo which created a power vacuum that allowed jihadist groups to seize the northern half of the country.

Furthermore, Guinea, in 2021 exprienced coup plot when special forces commander Colonel Mamady Doumbouya ousted President Alpha Condé.

Burkina Faso in 2022 had two coups (January & September), with Captain Ibrahim Traoré installed while citing failure to contain jihadist violence.

Niger also recorded coup in 2023 when the presidential guard deposed President Mohamed Bazoum, triggering a major regional crisis and the formation of the “Alliance of Sahel States” (AES) with Mali and Burkina Faso.

Central African Countries

Coup plots in these central african countries were reoccurring. The major countries below had these records:

Chad (1975, 1990, 2021): A pattern of violent takeovers: Hissène Habré (1982), Idriss Déby (1990), and the military takeover by Mahamat Déby after his father’s death in 2021 (a “dynastic coup”).

Burundi (1965, 1976, 1987, 1996, 2015): Recurring coups and attempted coups, often along ethnic lines (Hutu-Tutsi), culminating in a contested political coup attempt in 2015 during a presidential term-limit crisis.

East African Countries

Ethiopia had an attempted coup against Emperor Haile Selassie by the imperial
guard in 1960.

Also, Somalia experienced theirs in 1969 with the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke which led to a military takeover by Siad Barre.

In Uganda, the famous Idi Amin coup ousted Milton Obote in 1975.

Again in 1974, the Derg committee in Ethiopia deposed Emperor Haile Selassie, ushering in a communist military junta.

Southern African Countries
Lesotho had several military interventions and coups (1991, 1994, 1998, 2014, 2022) within the constitutional monarchy of the nation.
Madagascar also had a handful of coup plots in 1975 and 2009 ushering in Didier Ratsiraka to power militarily; while in 2009, a popular uprising backed by the military installed Andry Rajoelina, considered a “soft coup.”

In Zimbabwe, the 2017 “military-assisted transition” referred to as a “soft coup”, forced long-time ruler Robert Mugabe to resign.

History shows that Benin holds the continental record for the most successful military takeovers in the post-colonial era between 1963-1972. While Sudan tops the chart for frequency of all kinds of coup activities–succesful or not.

What are the Key Drivers of Coup Plots in Africa?

Speaking with a political scientist, Precious Chukwuemeka Chidiebere, he highlighted that there are a lot of causes for the emergence of military coup among African countries, which includes poor governance, corruption, weak democratic institutions and lots more.

“Coup causes ranges from bad governance, leadership failure, weak democratic institutions, insecurity, external influence, and among many other factors,” he said.
“Talking about the corruption aspect, it was quite illustrative in the case of the former president of Mali, Ibrahim Keita, when he was accused of electoral fraud and poor governance. The military took over the government,” Mr. Chidiebere added.

He also emphasized on the fact that having democratic institutions that guide the government of our day is never enough, that the pertinent question should be “how strong are the democratic institutions?”
“Mostly in Africa, our democratic institutions are weak, even here in Nigeria. Rule of Law is not adhered to in Nigeria,” he asserted.
The political scientist categorically stated that the independence of each arms of government that should serve as a tool to embolden good governance is not realistic in Nigeria, and by extension, Africa.
“If you observe closely, there’s no active opposition in Nigeria, and so do many countries in Africa,” he stated.

Mr Chidiebere also discussed the importance of economic integration and planning aimed at leveraging the skills within citizens to liberate them from poverty. He said that economic hardship is also part of those factors that contribute or birth coup plot in most African countries.

Asking about ways to put an end to coup plots in Africa, the scientist recommended that governments in various African countries should strengthen democratic institutions.

“The opposition must not be suppressed. There should be room for criticism without crucification.”

He also added that corruption should be dealt with mercilessly without compromise or favour. And also, opportunities should be created for citizens to survive with. Mr. Chidiebere stressed that economic decisions should address the plights of the masses

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Kano Amirul Hajj Blasts NAHCON Over Poor Treatment of Pilgrims

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By Lamara Garba

The Kano State Amirul Hajj and Emir of Gaya, Alhaji Dr. Aliyu Ibrahim Abdulkadir, has expressed deep concern over what he described as the poor treatment meted out to pilgrims from the state by the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NAHCON) during the ongoing 2026 Hajj exercise in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The Amirul Hajj, who spoke through his deputy, the Emir of Karaye, Alhaji Muhammadu Maharaz, made the remarks while receiving officials of NAHCON at the Kano Pilgrims Camp in Mina.

He openly complained about several challenges faced by pilgrims from the state since the commencement of the Hajj operations.

The Emir particularly lamented that Kano pilgrims were among the last batch of Nigerian pilgrims to be airlifted to Saudi Arabia, a development he said caused unnecessary hardship and anxiety for intending pilgrims from the state.

According to him, the airlift operations involving Kano pilgrims suffered repeated delays, adding that if not for the timely intervention and commitment of the Kano State Government as well as the airline handling the operation, the situation would have been worse.

He noted that the delays disrupted the movement schedule of many pilgrims and exposed them to avoidable stress during the sacred journey.

The Amirul Hajj further stated that the late arrival of Kano pilgrims to the Holy Land denied many contingents adequate time to comfortably stay and worship in Madina before proceeding to Makkah.

According to him, most contingents from Kano State barely spent 24 hours or, at most, two nights in Madina instead of the usual four or five days enjoyed by pilgrims from other states.

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He explained that the situation rushed the activities of pilgrims and made it difficult for many of them to properly observe prayers and other spiritual engagements in the holy city.

The Emir also complained bitterly about the poor quality of food served to pilgrims both in Madina and Jeddah, saying the meals provided fell below acceptable standards.

He revealed that in some instances, pilgrims were not served food at all, a situation he described as unfortunate considering the huge amount paid by pilgrims for the Hajj exercise.

The Amirul Hajj also expressed concern over the failure to issue Nusuk cards to some pilgrims, saying the development negatively affected the smooth performance of Hajj rites by the affected persons.

He disclosed that several dozens of Kano pilgrims were forced into seclusion and faced movement restrictions due to the non-issuance of the Nusuk cards, which are mandatory for access to some holy sites and Hajj services.

“At a point, some pilgrims were kept inside buses for over five hours after arriving in Makkah because they could not disembark due to the absence of Nusuk cards for some of them,” he said.

According to him, the development subjected many pilgrims, particularly women and the elderly, to severe hardship.

The Amirul Hajj said the challenges generated serious concern among pilgrims and officials from Kano State, stressing that the welfare of pilgrims should remain a top priority for all agencies involved in Hajj operations.

He therefore urged NAHCON to urgently address the problems to prevent a recurrence, especially during the return airlift of pilgrims back to Nigeria.

The Emir expressed hope that the return journey would be better organised and free from the difficulties currently being experienced by pilgrims.

Responding, the Director of Training and Research of NAHCON, Professor Abubakar Abubakar Yargawal, assured the Kano delegation that all the issues raised would be adequately addressed by the commission.

Professor Yargawal apologised for the inconveniences and operational hitches experienced during the Hajj exercise, assuring that efforts were already underway to improve services to pilgrims.

He thanked the Kano State leaders for openly informing the commission about the challenges faced by their pilgrims and commended the Kano contingent for demonstrating patience, maturity and restraint despite the difficulties encountered.

The NAHCON official further assured that the commission remained committed to ensuring the welfare, comfort and successful Hajj exercise of all Nigerian pilgrims.

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Kebbi Governor Pays Hadaya for State Pilgrims in Saudi Arabia

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By Lamara Garba

The Governor of Kebbi State, Nasir Idris, has approved a comprehensive welfare package for over 4,000 pilgrims from the state currently performing the 2026 Hajj pilgrimage in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

The State Amirul Hajj, Alhaji Ahmad Ja’afaru Jega, disclosed this while addressing journalists in Makkah, saying Governor Nasir Idris Kauran Gwandu had fully paid for the pilgrims’ Hadaya sacrifice as part of the welfare package provided for the state contingents.

According to him, the governor paid 720 Saudi Riyals for the Hadaya of each pilgrim, an amount equivalent to about 200 US dollars, in order to ensure that all pilgrims perform the important rite without financial difficulty.

Alhaji Ahmad Ja’afaru Jega further revealed that the Kebbi State Government also provided an additional 350 Saudi Riyals to each pilgrim to ease their stay in Makkah and assist them in meeting some personal expenses during the pilgrimage.

He added that the state government equally distributed free Ihram materials to male pilgrims and Hijabs to female pilgrims as part of efforts to ensure comfort and adequate preparation for the Hajj rites.

According to the Amirul Hajj, the gesture by Governor Nasir Idris was aimed at easing the burden on pilgrims and ensuring that they perform their religious obligations with comfort, dignity and peace of mind throughout their stay in the Holy Land.

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He explained that the payment of the Hadaya and other incentives formed part of several welfare initiatives introduced by the Kebbi State Government for this year’s Hajj operations, noting that the administration had demonstrated strong commitment towards the wellbeing of the pilgrims from the commencement of the exercise.

Alhaji Ahmad Ja’afaru Jega further revealed that the state government secured decent accommodation for the pilgrims at locations very close to the Grand Mosque in Makkah, thereby enabling them to conveniently participate in the five daily congregational prayers at the Holy Ka’abah Mosque.

“Because of the proximity of our hotels to the Grand Mosque, our pilgrims have been attending prayers at the Ka’abah regularly without stress. This is a great spiritual privilege for them,” he stated.

The Amirul Hajj observed that the welfare support introduced by the governor had significantly reduced the challenges usually encountered by pilgrims during Hajj operations.

He commended Governor Nasir Idris for what he described as a rare demonstration of leadership, compassion and commitment to the welfare and safety of Kebbi pilgrims in the Holy Land.

Alhaji Ja’afaru Jega also praised the conduct of the state contingents, saying the pilgrims had exhibited high levels of discipline, patriotism and orderliness since their arrival in Saudi Arabia.

“Despite being one of the states with the largest contingents from Nigeria, Kebbi pilgrims have remained peaceful, disciplined and orderly in all places of worship and public gatherings. This is a good omen not only for Kebbi State but for Nigeria as a whole,” he said.

The Amirul Hajj added that officials of the Kebbi State Pilgrims Welfare Board and other support teams had continued to work tirelessly to ensure the comfort, safety and successful completion of Hajj rites by the pilgrims.

He urged the pilgrims to continue praying for lasting peace, unity and development in Kebbi State and Nigeria, while also encouraging them to obey Saudi regulations and maintain the good image of the country throughout their stay in the Holy Land.

Many of the pilgrims who spoke on the development expressed appreciation to the Kebbi State Government for the unprecedented support and welfare packages provided to them, describing the 2026 Hajj exercise as one of the most organised and pilgrim-friendly operations in recent times.

They offered prayers for Governor Nasir Idris, asking Allah to reward him abundantly for prioritising the welfare of the pilgrims and for demonstrating genuine concern for their spiritual and social wellbeing.

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Eid Al-Adha Message from the Kano State Centre for Disease Control, KNCDC Faith, Sacrifice, and Our Shared Duty to Protect Life”

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Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem
Assalamu Alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

On this blessed 3rd day of Eid Al-Adha, I extend heartfelt greetings and prayers to His Excellency Alhaji Abba Kabir Yusuf, Executive Governor of Kano State, and to the people of Kano whose faith, endurance, and sense of community continue to inspire all of us who serve in public health.

Eid Al-Adha calls us back to the essence of sacrifice. It reminds us that true devotion is shown not only in worship, but in how we stand for one another in times of ease and in times of trial. In public health, that lesson is lived daily. Every early report from a village health worker, every sample tested in our laboratory, every rapid response launched in a remote ward; these are acts of sacrifice made to protect the lives of strangers.

It is in this spirit that I speak today.

Your Excellency, Kano is fortunate to have a leader who understands that health security is not a luxury but a foundation for progress. Your administration’s commitment to strengthening disease prevention, surveillance, and emergency response has given KNCDC both the mandate and the means to act swiftly and decisively.

Because of your support, we are building systems that detect threats earlier, respond faster, and communicate more clearly with communities. You have shown that when government treats health security as a priority, the people feel it directly in their homes, markets, and schools.

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On behalf of the entire KNCDC team; surveillance officers, epidemiologists, laboratory scientists, field officers, and support staff, I thank you for your leadership. Your readiness to back science with resources and policy has placed Kano in a stronger position to face current and emerging health threats. We do not take this trust lightly.

To the Good People of Kano State

KNCDC exists to serve you. Our mandate is clear: to prevent, detect, and respond to epidemic-prone diseases across all 44 local government areas. But we cannot achieve this alone.

Under the strategic guidance of the Hon. Commissioner for Health, Dr. Abubakar Labaran Yusuf, we are working to ensure that every community in Kano has access to early warning, accurate information, and rapid assistance when needed. Our surveillance networks are active, our laboratories are functioning, and our rapid response teams remain on alert.

Yet our greatest asset remains you, the people. The early report from a mother in a rural clinic, the cooperation of a community leader during an outbreak investigation, the willingness of citizens to share accurate information: these are the actions that turn preparedness into protection.

As we continue our Eid celebrations, I urge every Kano resident to continue being part of this collective defense. Report unusual illness early. Listen to and share verified health information. Support the health workers who serve you, often under difficult conditions. A safer Kano is built when government, institutions, and citizens move as one.

*Our Pledge*

This Eid, KNCDC renews its pledge to remain vigilant, professional, and accountable to the people of Kano State. We will continue to strengthen our systems, expand our reach, and work transparently so that no community is left behind in our response.

May Allah (SWT) accept the sacrifices of the pilgrims in Makkah and of every household celebrating here in Kano. May He grant healing to the sick, strength to our health workers, wisdom to our leaders, and peace and prosperity to Kano State and to Nigeria.

Eid Mubarak.
Let us celebrate today with gratitude, and tomorrow return to the work of building a healthier, safer Kano together.

 

Prof. Muhammad Adamu Abbas
Director General
Kano State Centre for Disease Control, KNCDC

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