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Opinion

Journalism, PR, and Cash for Coverage: Matters Arising

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By Dr. Marcel Mbamalu

 

 

SIMPLE CONTEXTUAL DEFINITIONS

 

Who is a Journalist?

For the purpose of this discussion, a journalist can be described as a  person who collects, writes, photographs, processes, edits, or comments on news or other topical information to the public.

 

A Journalist’s work is called journalism (Wikipedia). A journalist must, in line with professional ethics, be accurate and fair. The journalist seeks Truth and reports it. He must be honest and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information…and should take responsibility for the accuracy of his work (SPJ Code of Ethics, revised September 6, 2014)

 

 

Public Relations/ Practitioner

 

The professional maintenance of a favorable public image by a company, organization, or a famous person. The PR profession ensures a company, or organization or famous person maintains good records in the public eye. The PR practitioner helps people, organizations to gain public acceptance by explaining the aims, objectives, and methods of their organization and by building and maintaining a favorable image     (https://gostudy.net/occupation)

 

Cash for Coverage/ Brown Envelope Journalism

 

Cash for coverage or Brown Envelope Journalism (BEJ) refers to giving monetary inducement to journalists to encourage them to write positive stories, slant, or kill negative ones. Brown envelop as a term was first coined in 1994 after the UK political scandal (cash-for-questions-affair) in which The Guardian alleged that the owner of Harrods department store, Mohammed Al-Fayed, had paid a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons to ask a question using a brown-colored envelope for the transaction.

 

Journalistic parlance Brown Envelope has, over time, been used to describe monetary gifts concealed in brown envelopes and given to journalists during press briefings. In broader terms, Brown Envelope Syndrome (BES) refers to the potentiality of news sources (PR agents and/or their clients) giving, and journalists taking cash at press conferences or in the general course of their duty. It describes the propensity to give and take ‘bribes’ at any point in the value chain of journalistic sourcing and transmission of news content. So, BES as an expression in media practice can conveniently be used interchangeably with Cash for Coverage Syndrome (CFCs).

It’s a “syndrome” in the sense that giving and taking cash in the course of journalistic work manifests symptomatically and can consistently occur in varied but identifiable ways. The brown “envelope” could be in any color shade (white, green, or red), in naked cash or electronic form (bank transfers). Whatever color, form or means, Brown Envelopes, in the words of Dr. C Nwachukwu of the University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), represent any “temptation wrapped in money.”

On the whole, the impact of such ‘temptation’ on content creation, presentation and dissemination are real: The Mass Media audience, the ultimate king, are misled; credibility of news content and platform is compromised setting off the stage for perennial confidence crisis between the media platform and its audience. Loss of audience confidence leads to loss of patronage (business)…and jobs.

Imagine what could happen when an individual, group of individuals, politicians or government buys off an entire edition of a newspaper, a day’s program on Radio/Television or the entire Internet space and decides that no one reads, hears or sees a particular content or that they see it in predetermined modes! Worse still, the individual or group(s) could decide to let their ‘trusting’ readers, viewers and listeners see/hear only what’s convenient and let them wallow in darkness. It’s a matter of life and death for the entire information and communication space.

Yet, the audience knows better, always able to isolate the chaff from the kernel. The reason media businesses rise and fall on content, much more on the credibility of the content. Yes, Content is King! Remember Marshall McLuhan’s postulation: “The Medium is the Message.”

 

 

It’s not just Cash

Brown Envelope or Cash For Coverage syndrome is a cankerworm. It’s much more than giving or taking cash. If brown envelopes are meant to conceal inducements (the reason the envelopes are brown, not white, in the first place), then, other forms of gifts or inducements, not manifest in clear cash benefit but whose intention is to influence story slants or to curry the journalist’s friendship/sympathy when critical information is at stake, should also pass for “Brown Envelopes.”

Consider non-cash gifts like holiday trips abroad, free training for journalists, birthday gifts and cakes, etc. Will these seemingly harmless ‘gifts’ influence the journalist’s coverage and slant of stories, especially when they matter to the audience?

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Important gifts are no longer in brown envelopes; they are now in white ‘vessels’ to accomplish saintly ‘missions.’ If good journalism practice is anchored on Truth, Fairness, and Balance for credible information, education, and entertainment of the audience, any good gesture that seeks to influence good content creation and delivery is a cankerworm.

 

Cash for coverage Vs Journalism/PR Ethics

Journalism and Public Relations are complementary professions that profess truth and abhor distortion of information/communication. Cash for news coverage defies this basic principle. Among professionals, there is a general understanding that BES is very bad for good PR practice, much worse for good Journalism; it’s an unethical practice based on journalism and PR professional ethics. The Society for Professional Journalists (SPJ) has a Code of Ethics for members, the NUJ and Press Council also have a code of ethics, all aligning with good practice bordering on truthful, courageous, fairyland patriotic news reporting devoid of inducement. Yet, does the syndrome fester?

 

WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO ASK FOR CASH BEFORE COVERAGE?

 

Asking for gratification can be covert (complaints about distance and cost of transportation etc) or overt (declaring what it would cost to attend a press conference and/or to publish content therefrom). What do we make of previous scandals?

Reasons for BES among journalists and PR practitioners (What they say)

 

 

Issues about African culture of gift-giving

 

 

Nigerians believe in giving and receiving gifts formally and informally. Many say this is one of the major reasons why it’s difficult to tackle this in Nigeria.

 

Issues about PR &Journalism ideology

 

 

Do quacks truly exist in journalism and PR practice? Who truly is a journalist; the one who can write and speak impeccable English or the one who is trained, grounded, and certified on the basics of good journalism? Should Journalism and PR be different from other key professions like Medicine and Law? Can I, as a journalist be hired by a law firm to defend a client in court simply because I could argue very well? Can a good Television analyst perform a surgery on a patient because he does so with words? Not cast in iron, but these and many more are issues that perhaps, could rub off on efforts to find answers to questions under discussion. How many journalists and PR ‘agents’ ended up becoming who they are today because they could not find jobs in their disciplines after graduation?

 

Issues about Training and Retraining:

 

 

Knowledge and competence breed self-confidence and self-respect. Good retraining programs for certified members of a given profession help to engender self-confidence and mutual respect; hence, they will respect the code of ethics and overcome ‘temptations wrapped in money,’ especially in a fragile economy.

 

Issues about preaching professionalism in a fragile economy:

 

Is       Nigeria really among the poorest of the poorest countries? Does it have 20% (10.5 million) of the world’s out-of-school children? How many media organizations in Africa will survive the next 10 years? How many newspapers have an average of 200,000 print-run daily? How many of them have an average of five pages of adverts per day to stay afloat? What is the average take-home pay of Nigerian journalists? How media organizations in Nigeria pay salaries as and when due? Can we work to create saints in hell? How many oases of plenteous integrity can we find in a desert of need?

 

Yet, I see light at the end of the tunnel. There are a few Josephs, a few Daniels, a few Shedrack, Meshack, and Abadenego left!

 

On the PR side, do practitioners face pressure from employers and clients (PR)?

 

 

 

SOLUTIONS

 

Clear identity or ideology for PR and Journalism

 

Improvement in training and retraining, remuneration and reward for excellence

 

The salience of the recent unbundling of Mass Communication courses in universities to the rescue?

 

Possible redefinition of the bounds of gift-giving; must the latitude be expanded to realistically reflect certain nuances? For instance, why do patients pay for hospital cards and for drugs, yet the doctor collects separate consultation fees, nurses ask for money to buy syringes. Hospital bills still come afterward???

 

 

Are journalists tying themselves up at a time market realities are getting grimmer?

 

Public-funded BBC, CNN, and GOOGLE take adverts even from Nigerian firms and they take sides in news coverage using genres that are neither hard news, nor Feature/ opinion, but all combined in non-clear-cut reporting called ADVOCACY NEWS, which is news with explicable bias.

 

Former Minister appointed Adviser center of Journalism 

THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS

 

 

Social Responsibility Theory: This presupposes that the media, in discharging its critical functions, acts in social interest and for the good of the society.  Reporting dispassionately…against business logic and profit motives. In the light of current realities, the big question: Is there a more professional way to commoditize news? There are different, just like there are varied products in other professions like Law and Medicine, etc.

 

 

Media Economics: Media as a going concern and profit-oriented theory in a competitive stressful market, driven more by corporate support than by audience clientele.

 

Four-way PR Model: Sensationalism, Full Information, Symmetry, and Asymmetry. GRUNIG and HUNT 1984)

 

 

 

CONCLUSION: The Big Question

Is cash for coverage a case of professional anomaly that has become a culture, or a case of inevitable industry reality that needs some professional rethinking/adjustment? If technology is, indeed, changing many things, to what extent can it be allowed to change social laws?

Dr Marcel Mbamalu, is the News Editor of The Guardian, presented this at The Jacksonites Biweekly Webinar on August 2, 2020

Opinion

Insecurity: Was Badaru’s Exit a Voluntary Resignation or a Disguised Dismissal?

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Governor Badaru

 

 

_By Abba Dukawa_

 

Whether former Defence Minister Muhammad Badaru Abubakar resigned or was quietly removed by the President, one thing is certain: the Defence Ministry urgently needs an experienced and capable leader, especially amid today’s escalating security crises.

In the Tinubu administration, citing “health grounds” has become the political equivalent of “ dog ate homework” a polite euphemism for someone who has essentially been dismissed.

The truth is that Badaru had no business being Defence Minister in the first place. He brought no relevant experience to the role, and his temperament was ill‑suited to a nation facing a deepening security crisis. His appointment baffled anyone genuinely concerned about Nigeria’s stability and survival.

Before his exit, Badaru had already exposed himself as hopelessly confused and entirely unfit to lead the Defence Ministry – the institution responsible for overseeing Nigeria’s military.

In a BBC Hausa Service interview *before his unceremonial departure* from the cabinet, he revealed glaring deficiencies in his understanding of security challenges. He even made a shocking claim: that the Nigerian Air Force cannot eliminate terrorists hiding in forests because some hideouts are “too thick for bombs to penetrate.” He said:

_“In this kind of war, from time to time there will be relief; sometimes they will do something that will shock everyone on the ground, although I have heard some say their whereabouts are known and who they are. It is true that their whereabouts are known, but they are people you cannot attack, or they are in the forests where our bombs cannot reach them.”_

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His remarks reveal not only a lack of resolve to confront insecurity but also a habit of offering puerile excuses to justify failure. Under his watch, Nigeria witnessed some of its bloodiest days, as terrorists and bandits unleashed violence on defenseless citizens across the Northeast, Northwest, and North‑Central regions. During this period, terrorists abducted and publicly executed Brigadier General Uba and three of his men in Borno State.

The truth is that Badaru was unfit to be Defence Minister long before his exit. His comments suggest a Nigeria permanently at the mercy of bandits, yet these criminals were allegedly never apprehended because their locations were “too remote” or “too difficult to attack.”

Thankfully, President Bola Tinubu has responded with a sweeping overhaul, replacing the Chief of Defence Staff and other service chiefs. He has now nominated General Christopher Gwabin Musa as Nigeria’s new Minister of Defence, citing his ability to “further strengthen Nigeria’s security architecture.”

General Musa, 58, is a highly decorated soldier who served as Chief of Defence Staff from 2023 to October 2025. His distinguished career includes appointments as Theatre Commander of Operation, Commander of the Nigerian Army Infantry Corps, and recipient of the Colin Powell Award for Soldiering in 2012. President Tinubu expressed confidence in General Musa’s leadership, describing him as a “tested professional capable of strengthening Nigeria’s security framework.

The former Defence Minister’s defeatist comments have sparked widespread criticism and demoralized troops on the frontline. The focus now shifts to President Tinubu’s administration and General Musa’s ability to restore confidence and security across the nation.

Challenges ahead for General Musa as defence minister, Strengthen intelligence gathering and surveillance systems to combat terrorism and banditry.

Improve barracks conditions and support for military personnel. Accelerate efforts to tackle Boko Haram, ISWAP, and other insurgent groups. Strengthen partnerships with global security agencies. Overhaul procurement processes to ensure transparency and efficiency.

Emphasizing innovation and technology will be crucial: advanced surveillance, AI‑driven threat analysis, and regional cooperation can make guerrilla warfare more predictable and attackers more accountable. With his extensive experience and proven track record, General Musa is well‑positioned to bring positive change to Nigeria’s defence sector.

Dukawa write it from Kano,can be reached at abbahydukawa@gmail.com

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Opinion

When Former Commissioners, LG Chairmen Endorse DSP Barau

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By Abba Anwar

Politics, at whatever rate, is a matter of choice and process selection. When political actors, become impregnated with uncertainties, double speak/standard, coordinated lies and enduring loose ends, result will be goofed end.

Agreed, All Progressives Congress (APC) in Kano has been in disarray, immediately after the Supreme Court judgement of 2023 gubernatorial election result. But nothing or very little is being done to genuinely and honestly ameliorate the situation. The major crisis is that of disunity, mistrust and master-servant relationship between and among leaders and followers.

Another major dilemma, as far as party cohesion is concerned, particularly among leaders, is who becomes flagbearer of gubernatorial ticket come 2027, at the expense of all other elective positions. This, creates an ocean of gap between gubernatorial aspirants and their supporters. Genuine or fake supporters.

From the Supreme Court judgement of 2023 gubernatorial election result, to date, almost all the aspirants, including the then flagbearers, Gawuna – Garo ticket, came to know, who their real and genuine people, within the party, are. From that time to date, individual choices are examined and partitioned according to their political needs and engagement.

Switching over across political preferences, overtly or covertly, are fast manifesting. Loyalty, both divided and unwavering, are taking more shapes and directions. This is also a fact, attached to party leaders, elders and all other stakeholders. From ward level to local government level up to state level.

Looking at the political space, within the context of APC in Kano, we have gubernatorial aspirants in the persons of the current Deputy Senate President, Distinguished Senator Barau I Jibrin, CFR, the 2023 gubernatorial candidate, His Excellency Nasiru Yusuf Gawuna and his running mate, His Excellency Murtala Sule Garo, AA Zaura and others who are being lured in a deceitful manner, to join the race.

It appears to many recently that, the space is becoming clearer and gloomy to some. As 2027 is fast approaching, many things started evolving from within. While leaders and stakeholders are using the situation to cash out, few others see more opportunities for enduring political choice. Created by the current situation and time.

It is from the standpoint of this scenario, enduring political choice, that former Commissioners and former local governments Chairmen, decided to take a queue towards the direction of DSP Barau. Though immediately after the Commissioners visit to the DSP, and after DSP’s Facebook handle revealed that, the former Commissioners were at his office for a solidarity visit, one of the former Commissioners, Mutari Ishaq Yakasai, was on air blaming that disclosure as misleading and concocted lie.

Explaining further that, they were at DSP’s office to thank him for appointing some of their members, former Commissioners, to position in his office. While he (Barau) also facilitated the appointment of some of them to other positions.

Before Yakasai came on air dismissing Barau’s Facebook post, there were stories everywhere, that one of those who visited Barau in his office, amongst the former Commissioners, rejected DSP’s Facebook post, that they were there for a solidarity visit, as 2027 was fast approaching. But all the stories did not reveal the identity of the very person, who rejected DSP’s revelation. Then came Yakasai’s disclosure.

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Just few hours after that, another former Commissioner who was also there during the visit, Kabiru Ado Lakwaya, went to the air and was carried in many stories, that, they were all there and paid a solidarity visit to the DSP. Explaining further that, they all agreed to support him for his 2027 gubernatorial ambition. When Lakwaya revealed that, there were arguments, from all ends. Some dismissing his claim as misleading and unbecoming of a man of his caliber.

After him, another former Commissioner, Musa Iliasu Kwankwaso, came on air supporting Lakwaya’s submission, in a very clever way. But a good listener, could deduce the main substance of his narrative. That, everyone has the right to support anybody of his choice. Arguing that, it was only a political choice, that all are entitled to.

What gave clearer perspective was a video clip that came from DSP Barau’s media unit, presenting the visit of the former Commissioners, live and direct. In that clip, some of the former Commissioners, whose remarks were shown, were all clear and categorical that, they were at DSP’s office to put their weight behind him. Adding that, part of their appreciation, for his intervention in the survival and development of the party, APC, was to tell him that, they would support him in all his political ambitions.

That clip put a stop to all the debates about what took the former Commissioners to the Deputy Senate President. Nothing was also heard again from either Yakasai or any other person.

Another similar visit was that of the former local governments Chairmen. Who also paid a visit to the DSP. Which the Senator in his own Facebook handle, disclosed that the former Chairmen were at his office to pay him a solidarity visit, towards 2027 elect.

In their own case also, after the visit, there were hues and cries that some of them alleged to have denied that they were there for a solidarity visit. But to the chagrin of all, unlike former Commissioners, none of the former local government Chairmen came to public and denounce what the DSP said on his Facebook handle. That they, were there to put their weight behind him.

The way I see it, is this, that, some people hide behind some teleguided wishes, acting behind the script of self – serving choice, leaving behind outer-wishes and engagement. While Kano APC is still intact, from the periphery , so many important stakeholders, understand why they should roam about and fix themselves into, what they think is better for them.

But the thing is, while unity is paramount and necessary for the party, sincerity of purpose and honest relationship, are prerequisite for victory come 2027. Among the aspirants we have there are very few of them, whom I can vouch that they are not in the race as do or die affair. Yes they have clean mind for it. And they understand its chemistry, opportunities and challenges. So working hand in hand with them, is not only deserving, but necessary.

Agreed, former Commissioners and former local governments Chairmen, are entitle to their political choice, they have a lot to offer in reconciling all parts within the larger body of the party. So also all other former this or former that, who held positions during the reign of the former Governor, Abdullahi Umar Ganduje. What we all need is sincerity of purpose, transparent political engagement and unscathed political choice.

While former Commissioners and former local governments Chairmen are probably shifting ground, I want DSP Barau to have it at the back of his mind that, he shouldn’t expect them all to support him at this stage. Some could be waiting for the natural process to take its cause. Not knowing that they are part of the natural process. But at whatever length, former this or former that, have every right to take their political direction, at their own pace, we should all know that, the overall aim is the victory of the party during polls.

Unity of the party is necessary at any cost. As integrity and honesty are necessary from the part of our leaders, followers should know that any tragedy in future, if care is not taken, will be harsher on them, as mere subjects. Take it or leave it. Unity is important to the party, as air is important to life.

Anwar writes from Kano
Tuesday, 2nd December, 2025

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Opinion

Re: Governor Abba Don’t Play Politics With Insecurity: Replying Senator Barau

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By Abdullahi Hafiz

I read with keen interest a press statement issued by Senator Barau I. Jibrin’s media office calling on Governor Abba Kabir Yusuf not to politicise the issue of insecurity.

The Deputy President of the Senate, Senator Barau I. Jibrin, has urged Governor Abba Kabir Yusuf of Kano State to refrain from politicising the challenges of insecurity and instead focus on addressing the numerous problems bedevilling the state under his watch.

The statement, which is replete with hollow reasons and unsubstantiated claims, has now also exposed the Deputy Senate President’s non-awareness of the true state of politics and politicking and even the welfare of the people he claims to represent — the people of Kano North.

Senator Barau’s likeness for attention in Kano has drawn many people into deception, thinking that the senator, who is also the second in command at the legislature, is always trying to prove what is not on ground since his election into the Senate in the year 2015.

In one way or the other, as a lawmaker and the highest-ranking one for that matter, Senator Barau’s development agenda is only being seen in the pages of newspapers and the digital media.

As he mentioned through Ismail Mudassir that the Kano State Government should not play with the issue of insecurity, it left many people wondering and wandering what Senator Barau meant.

In a situation whereby the community which Senator Barau came from — the Kano North Senatorial District — is now vulnerable to insurgent attacks as it shares borders with many communities in Katsina that were ravaged by banditry, it is very appalling and takes one to unease.

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Security, apart from protecting lives and properties, includes ensuring a motorable road for your constituents, which is one of the safest means of security.

For example, the Kano–Gwarzo Road was awarded since Senator Barau’s entry into the Senate 10 years ago, and he was instrumental in awarding the contract for the total rehabilitation of the road. Unfortunately, by the time you bypass a section of Kano metropolis after BUK and Janguza Barracks, what you will encounter as a driver up to Kano’s border with Katsina is an unmotorable road linking Kano to Dayi.

The road is in total disrepair, and it was Senator Barau who brought the motion for re-awarding the construction of the road since 2015.

The question the majority of the constituents are asking is why the road is still in a state of disrepair when most of the federal roads in southern Nigeria were completed.

Leaving a major unmotorable road in your constituency, which you brought in 2015, is one of the serious disasters of insecurity, incompetence, and retardation of the progress of Kano, which you accused Governor Abba of.

As Governor of Kano State, Alhaji Abba Kabir Yusuf is the Chief Security Officer of the state, and Kano is at his heart. He has not aided any sabotage in undermining the security of the state like the way you were accused of.

During the social media popular programme Fashin Baki anchored by Barrister Bulama Bukarti, Abba Hikima, Nasiru Salisu Zango, and Jaafar Jaafar, investigative journalist Jaafar Jaafar accused you of being instrumental in undermining the well-being of Kano and its people. Still, your media office or spokesperson did not offer any rebuttal to that accusation. Are you afraid that journalist Jaafar Jaafar may have cogent reasons for making those allegations against you?

“Jaafar Jaafar said a lot of people are pointing accusing fingers at the APC National Chairman, Dr. Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, of undermining the security and well-being of Kano, but people should know that Senator Barau is at the forefront.”

On the claim by Senator Barau’s media office about providing support to security agencies, Governor Abba, who was mandated by the Constitution of Nigeria to do that, has surpassed you. The main issue some of us from Kano North are daring you to tell us, for our own security of lives and properties, is the issue of Gwarzo Road, which you supervised its reconstruction. But what happened in ten years since you entered the Red Chamber as Chairman and head of an important Committee of Appropriation?

Now that you are the Deputy Senate President, what happened to the multiple awards of contracts on that road?

Comrade Abdullahi Hafiz wrote from Kano

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