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Kano Rainfall Anomaly: An indicator of climate change

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By Umar Musa Umar

Rainfall is an important climatic element that determines the potentiality of a location to excel in food production and economic growth.

Crop production, animal husbandry, aquaculture, forestry, and plantation agriculture can never be successful where there is a capricious supply of water.

 

Geographically, all waters on land surfaces are stored primarily in the atmosphere and are released to the ground surfaces through rainfall which is utilized by all living organisms.

 

Part of rainwater that falls on the surface is stored by the underground natural storage media known as “aquifers”. Thus, rainfall is the pillar of human existence on the planet earth.

NIHSA warns on impending flood in some states

It provides valuable ingredients for plant growth therefore, indispensable for agricultural production. Where rainfall is sufficient for crop production, people pleat from all over the world to benefit from such a favorable farming-enabling environment.

 

The early human civilization was directly connected with either humid tropical climate (where rainfall is abundantly available) or along floodplains (where underground water aquifers are rich)

Kano is the largest city in northern Nigeria and one of the business hubs in Sub-Saharan Africa.

 

It is famous for its favorable climate, fertile soil, and relatively plain topography that supports the large production of both cash and food crops.

 

Historically, the second set of migrants that formed the present-day kano in the 9th century “Madatai community” were farmers that invade Kano in their quest for fertile land and favorable climate suitable for agriculture.

 

Kano is blessed with a moderate rainfall of about 884.4mm (Olofin, 1987) which is steadily distributed within six months of every year (i.e. May to October). The steady nature of rainfall in the region favored the profitable form of agriculture known as rained cultivation to dominate the occupation of the area.

The total annual rainfall in Kano for the past 60 years has an irregular pattern and if the irregularity persists, the region may undergo severe catastrophe.

 

Many pieces of research investigate the variability of rainfall in the state and other northern states of the country. Apart from the 1972 Kano drought, the rainfall records of 45 years (1950- 1995) maintain a steady pattern of a moderate amount (700mm – 1000mm) with an insignificant variation.

 

That is to say, the rainfall is distributed among the six months of every year (May – October) August being the month with the peak downpour. But from 1996 to date, Kano has been experiencing rainfall variability and fluctuation both in amount and duration.

It has been established that the active rainfall in the state for the last two and a half decades did not only increase in amount but decline in the duration from six months to less than four months.

 

 

Many people assume that climate change can only result to decrease in rainfall and consequently cause drought and desiccation in the area. Of course, climate change causes rainfall shortage, drought, and desertification, however, it can also cause an increase in rainfall which may eventually upshot flooding.

 

Taking kano as a case, the rainfall increases in amount but reduces in duration which means more rainfall would be concentrated in a small period of time.

 

This will produce intricating problems ranging from recurrent drought and flooding as well as a threat to food resources which leads to famine and starvation and poverty.

Draught is the first disaster that gradually impedes the success of commercial farming not only in Kano but in many northern states of the country.

 

People are unaware of the silent draught taking place in the states. In Kano state, the rainy season starts usually in May of every year but recently, even if the rain starts in Mid-May it seizes for a month or two before an active rain continues to drop.

 

 

Within this drought period, crops may wilt and die for insufficient moisture in the soils. Rainfall offset in Kano also deviates from its normal as sometimes the rain stops much earlier such as early September as in 2007, than the normal (i.e. October).

 

However, the rain may also set-off longer the normal as evident from 2010 and 2019 where rainfall extended to mid-November.

The flood occurred in kano due to the aforementioned changes in the onset, offset, and frequency of rainfall. The rainfall that is distributed within six to seven months is now concentrated within three to four months.

 

Kano has also been experiencing an increase in its amount from a mean of 884.4mm to over 1000mm per year, the rainfall usually causes flooding in the state.

 

The reduction in the rainfall regime when coinciding with the increase in the rainfall amount causes widespread flooding not only in Kano state but in most northern states.

 

Recently, the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) predicted about 102 local governments that would be affected by flooding this year, out of which 20 are from Kano state.

 

In addition to the changes in frequency and duration of rainfall, flooding in kano may also be attributed to other factors. Kano is among the fast-growing cities in Nigeria, the urbanization rate is very high resulting to increase in Percent Impervious Surface Area (%ISA) such as concrete and cemented surface, tarred roads, etc.

 

 

This couple with improper and blocked drainage channels results in urban flooding in the metropolitan areas of kano state.

 

While overflow of the nearby streams,  dams, and ponds due to high rainfall causes flooding in the outskirt of the metropolis.

The above impact of rainfall anomaly can result to a serious threat to food resources as they are directly connected with the availability of water.

 

In Kano state crops such as millet need to be grown at the beginning of the wet season. Thus, if there’s minor draught after the sowing millet, there would be serious damage.

 

Some other crops have specific water requirements (e.g. rice and wheat) and need to be submerged in water all the time. Due to unreliability and unsteady rainfall in Kano State, rice farmer for over 10 years used the watering machines to water their crops in the midst of rainy season to avoid wilting and damages of their crops.

It is quite sure that issues related to climate change could not be tackled or eradicated completely but certain measures could be adopted to lessen its ramification.

 

Tree planting (afforestation/reforestation) to restore the already destroyed vegetal cover should be of utmost importance.

 

City orchard and gardens that have become vanished should be restored across the city landscape. Other green city practices such as grass/green roofing etc. must also be put in place.

 

This would restore the climate of the area. For the urban flood, all drainages must be cleared regularly, bare surfaces should be left greener with grasses while concrete/cemented surfaces should be replaced with interlocking.

Finally, dredging major streams and rivers as well as demolition of all structures constructed on river courses.

 

Umar Musa Umar  wrote this from Kano and his (Area of interest: Geography, Climatology, GIS, Remote Sensing, Environmental issues)

Dept. of Geography,

Yusuf Maitama Sule University Kano.

Phone No: 08035594946

Email: umarsurely@gmail.com

Features

Tribute To Late Justice Ahmad Belgore

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By AbdurRaheem Sa’ad Dembo

Death is an inevitable
visitor. When it strikes its victims it’s usually the end of an era. It was in the morning of Eid-l-Fitri, which was 10th April, 2024 I read the news of the demise of Justice Ahmad Olanrewaju Belgore, who died the previous night. He was a star in the judiciary because of his piety, consistency and fairness.

Many prominent Nigerians have sent their condolences to his family, Ilorin Emirate and Nigeria judiciary. One significant thing about late Justice was the fact that his life as a judge was filled with face of humanity.

Emir of Ilorin Alhaji (Dr) Ibrahim Sulu-Gambari and Chairman of Kwara State Traditional Rulers Council in his condolence message described the demise of Justice Belgore as a big loss to the Ilorin Emirate and the Nation at large.

According to the Emir “Belgore was one of the finest justices that the Ilorin Emirate had ever produced, who contributed in no small measures to the growth and development of the judiciary in particular and humanity in general.He prayed that Almighty Allah accept his good deeds, forgive his shortcomings and admit
him into aljannah firdaus.

The Turaki of Ilorin Emirate, Senator Saliu Mustapha has also expressed grief over the death of the legal luminary, described him as a renowned jurist who lived and served the country with his knowledge of the law as an examplary member of the bench.

Senator Mustapha while commiserating with the Nigerian Bar Association on the death of Justice Ahmad Belgore noted that the late jurist contributed immensely to the development of his community and the state in general. Recalling his years of service in the judiciary where he worked with utmost dedication and bowed out in glory last year.

The Senate Committee Chairman on Agric production and Services condoled the Belgore family, The Emir of Ilorin, Ilorin Emirate Descendants Progressive Union, the people of Balogun Fulani Constituency, Associates and friends of the deceased over the demise of illustrious son of the Ilorin Emirate.He prayed Allah to overlook Justice Belgore misdeeds and grant him eternal rest.

Meanwhile, Kwara state Governor,AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq equally expressed sadness over the death of Justice Belgore who passed on Tuesday night.The Governor sent his heartfelt condolences to the entire Ilorin Emirate, and to the Belgores who have lost a rare gem.His Excellency prayed to Allah to forgive justice Belgore of his shortcomings, and admit him to aljannah firdaus.

The Nigerian Bar Association,The Lagos Lawyers and other prominent Nigerians have also mourned the late Ilorin born jurist, but mentioning all of them may not be necessary.

It is imperative to say that late Justice Ahmad Belgore was an incorruptible judge as he retired meritoriously last year.This was aptly captured by the words of Shehu Bashir,Esq “Justice Ahmad Belgore was a jurist with decency of conscience.He journeyed the delicate profession of adjudication with distinction and came out unblemished.

He was an incredibly tolerant, calm, generous, religious and extremely patient man.His propensity to generosity would almost make you think he had more than he was giving,yet he was undoubtedly incorruptible. And he would never make public his generosity to a third party.He was such a responsible gentleman.”

According to a retired judiciary staff who craved for anonymity, disclosed that in 2015 when his benefit has not been paid,he reached out to late Justice Ahmad Belgore and he gave him 120,000 naira as at that time.

Significantly,the late Justice has been described by many as an embodiment of humility, generosity and accessibility. In the words of Pharm Munirat Bello “He was a great icon of peace and beacon of hope to the less privileged, reliably a dependable pillar of support. His act of kindness could be likened to the scent of the natural musk, very calming yet so impactful. No life hardly gets in contact with him and fail to progress. He was gifted with a divine heart of generosity. An upright jurist to the core, an impeccable symbol of Islam. I have never for once seen him angry to the point of passing derogatory words, he could be stern but in a loving way”

Sheikh Saidu Ibrahim Maimasa is a close associate of late Justice Ahmad Belgore and he is also the Public Relations Officer of Markaz, recounted how helpful he was to him and other friends.He said describing his magnanimity and generosity would be inexhaustible.

He cited a case of a person whose house was forcefully taken and he approached Late Justice for possible redress at the Court of law.He explained that the justice told the man not to go to court, because there was no point going to court and win, and thereafter he lost his life.He later ensured that another house was erected for the man from his personal purse.

Furthermore,A family source disclosed that anything that has to do with Belgore’s family, the late Justice Ahmad Belgore was always at the forefront.Meaning he had imbibed the sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) in uniting the family.

In unraveling his unwavering support for the less privileged, a young man was said to have gone to his GRA residence and appealed to him that he wanted to go to school but he had no sponsor.The late Justice embraced him and sponsored his education throughout.

Parts of the traits of great men are humility and accessibility. If you are the type that cannot render help to people until an influential person in the society recommends them, then you may be far from circle of great men.Your door should be open for help , that is when you would be able to identify those whole truly need succour .

Justice Ahmad Belgore was never a religious bigot,According to Sheikh Saidu Ibrahim Maimasa “He had an open door policy, because he was very accessible.His security orderly was a Christian from Oyo State and he did not only sponsored his wedding but he was also there in person.He did not discriminate”

He was born on April 18,1953, Belgore studied Law at the prestigious Ahmadu Bello university (ABU),Zaria, where he bagged LL.B (Hons.) with specialisation in Islamic Law 1975 to 1978.He attended the Nigerian Law School, Victoria Island,Lagos between 1978/1979 session.

He was the presiding Justice of the Ilorin Division of the Court of Appeal before his retirement in April,2023.He was also former Chief Justice of the Gambia.Justice Ahmad was younger brother to former Chief Justice of Nigeria (CJN) Alfa Belgore.

There is no doubt about the fact that late Justice Ahmad Belgore had lived a life worthy of emulation.He was a regular reciter of holy Quran and a great scholar in his own class.He was the president of Darul-Uloom Alumni Association.

Perfection, they say, belongs to God. I pray Allah forgive his shortcomings and grant him aljannah firdaus.

abdurraheemsaaddembo@gmail.com

07037813177

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A Tribute to Barrister Sulaiman Ahmed Assayouty

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Late Barrister Suleiman Ahmad Assayouty

 

By AbdurRaheem Sa’ad Dembo

Death is a reminder that this world is fleeting and interim. It has yet corroborated the assertion that we are strangers on this planet called, earth just as Barrister Assayouty has left us unannounced through the inevitable shackles of death

I was shocked because he was a brother that I knew very well as an undergraduate in Bayero University, Kano.He wasn’t a regular student as he was preoccupied with hustling in photography business.He usually stationed at the old site of Bayero University Kano where he carried out his business activities

I was at the new site and we had our regular photographer in person of Hope Photo there but whenever we were at the old site we patronised him.In fact his business point was a regular station for Ilorin Emirate students and other customers whenever they did not have lectures.

Since I left the University I have not heard or seeing him until the day he graduated from Law School and the same was posted on the BUK Alumni WhatsApp Group, Ilorin Emirate chapter.I knew within me that day that he struggled to attain the feat and I rejoiced with him through my comments.

We were all in BUK but Assayouty was an hustler and we patronized him not just because he was one of us but he’s very humble. He had a dream and he pursued it with tenacity, hardwork and prayers so he became a certified lawyer eventually. I was not even aware that he later had a Sayuti Cafe on campus,i got to know through BUK Chat zone on Facebook; an online medium for BUK students and others. I’m sure it was after we have left the school he operated the cafe business

From the Account of my friends and brothers that are resident in Kano, they said he was going to a Police Station in Tofa with his wife and his child yesterday 8th April,2024 before they had an accident that claimed his life and injured his wife and his child who are still in the hospital. I pray to Allah for their speedy recovery.

When a promising young man died it is usually tremendously painful because a dream has been shattered and retrogressed.The demise of Assayouty was one too many as it reinvigorated and rejuvenated the futility of this world.He laboured so hard to become a lawyer. He was studying Law in pari passu with hustling. How great would it have been if He had lived long to enjoy the fruit of his struggle?

According to Mallam Zakariya Bayero “we were staying in an uncompleted building together in 1998, he was running a diploma programme then”.

Barrister Yakubu Abdullahi reacted to my Facebook post about his demise thus “May Allah admit him to Jannat, his death is shocking, I know him as a struggling lawyer, despite his commitment to law practice,he has other struggles he did around Janguza axis. May Allah forgive his shortcomings”.

In Quran 62 Verse 8, Allah says “Say, indeed, the death from which you flee.Indeed it will meet you”. Today it has met our brother but our solace is that Barrister Sulaiman Assayouty died as a Muslim in the holy month of Ramadan, he never tarnished the image of his family and lived a dignified life.May Allah grant him aljannah firdaus and give his immediate family, the Ilorin Emirate BUK Alumni and friends the fortitude to bear the huge loss.

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Kano Water Scarcity: How Long is Governor Abba’s ‘State of Emergency’?

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_By Misbahu El-Hamza_

Kano State makes headlines almost every year, and coincidentally, during Ramadan for water scarcity. The frequent headlines are often attributed to electricity system failures, which disrupt water pumping, or equipment faults at water treatment plants, exacerbating the situation.

About ten months ago, upon taking office, Kano State Governor Alhaji Abba Kabir Yusuf declared a State of Emergency to address water scarcity across the state, urging for patience and maximum cooperation from residents. Although I haven’t seen or reviewed the governor’s plan during this emergency, I recall that resolving Kano’s water issues was one of his campaign promises.

I remember when the governor inspected the Challawa Water Treatment Plant in May 2023 and expressed dissatisfaction with its condition. It was said that only two of the six pumping machines of the facility were functioning at the time.

Following that, the governor give a one-week ultimatum to the Kano State Water Board to submit its demands in order to end the water shortage in the state. There was a sigh of relief by the public. Personally, I had hoped that we’re finally getting over this hardship.

Unfortunately, nearly a year now, the situation is not only prevalent in urban areas but is even worse in rural communities. We are not only seeing those trending headlines of water scarcity in Kano, we’re experiencing the brunt of it.

Recently, the price of a 25-liter jerrican of borehole water in Kano surged by ₦50 to ₦150. Someone told me that he bought one at ₦200 around Kurmi market. In areas like Hotoro, Nassarawa LGA, where I reside near Kumbotso LGA housing the Challawa water plant, prices rose from ₦40 to ₦70 or higher. The Chalawa water plant is believed to have the capacity of supply the whole of Kano with water, but we rely heavily on individual boreholes for water, with little to no infrastructure connecting us to the water plant.

While I resides in a suburb and can afford buying a jerrican of what seems to be clean water, in the rural areas where I often visit for work, the situation is dire. Many communities lack access to clean water sources, with broken or dried-up boreholes and wells being common. Residents, including young children, often resort to fetching water from stagnant ponds shared with cows, donkeys, camels, and even dogs. This water is what they use for all daily activities, posing serious health risks. It’s evident that both state and local governments have neglected these communities, offering little to no solutions for their water woes. Where you see boreholes or wells in these communities, they are either constructed by individual donors or (charity) organizations and a handful ones by politicians.

Governor Alhaji Abba Kabir Yusuf must be aware of the current water crisis in both rural and urban Kano. However, the pressing question remains: how long will his State of Emergency address the suffering caused by the persistent water scarcity or total lack of it across the state?

Three days ago, I heard a jingle apologizing for the water scarcity in Kano metropolitant, blaming the repair works at Challawa and Tamburawa treatment plants. It’s said to have been sponsored by Kano State Water Board. To me, the jingle suggests the governor partly fulfilled his pledge, now it’s the board’s turn to restore water supply. Or at least that’s my assumption.

I know this isn’t the first time the the board apologises. In 2022, the then Managing Director of the board was quoted apologizing to Kano residents for failing to supply water during Ramadan. At that time, 25-liters jerrican of borehole water cost between ₦30 – ₦100.

I remain hopeful that before his remaining three years expire, Alhaji Abba Kabir Yusuf will emerge as Kano’s hero by addressing the water scarcity issue, providing relief to the growing population, including those in rural areas.

As the governor continues to address our water problem within this emergency period, I hope the demands the water board submitted to him as requested include: establishing new plants and resaviors or enhancing existing ones, extending mainline pipes to suburbs and rural areas, ensuring independent power supply for the plants, and securing permanent employment for existing and additional staff. If the board manages its expenses independently, perhaps shifting it to the state payroll would improve also efficiency.

With reliable service and effective system in place, the board and the state government should be rest assured that Kano people will be more willing to pay for water, and the board does not need to heavily depend for its revenue from the industries it diverts our little water to.

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